9 Great Books To Set The Fall Mood

List of Great Books That Are Fall Themed
It is October, and we are well into fall by now. The pretty coloured leaves are littering the ground all around, the air smells of chai lattes and pumpkin spice everything. There is no doubting that fall is here. The weather outside currently begs you to sit inside with a warm drink, a cozy blanket, and plenty of good books to read that set the fall mood. Below is a list of wonderful, fall themed picture books to enjoy with your children this time of year.

Christopher’s Harvest Time by Elsa Beskow is one of the loveliest fall picture books there is. The illustrations are magnificent and the story is enchanting. If you haven’t read this one with your children, I strongly suggest that you do. 
Christopher meets the spirit of September in the garden, and is introduced to all the harvest folk: the Gooseberry girls and boys, old man Black-Currant, the misses Plum and the proud Strawberries.

We Gather Together: Celebrating the Harvest Season by Wendy Pfeffer is a cute little story.
The official start of the harvest season, it occurs around September 21 each year. It marks the end of summer and the beginning of longer nights and shorter days.  For many cultures around the world, the fall equinox represents a time to celebrate the harvest and begin collecting and storing crops.

The Turnip by Jan Brett is another wonderfully illustrated and told story for children to enjoy.
In a rollicking, cumulative tale, a badger family and their friends–Hedgie, Mr. Ram and Vanya, the horse–struggle to pull up a giant turnip. A cocky rooster steps in and pulls, sending him into the air, holding onto the turnip. No one knows that a mother bear in her underground den has kicked the turnip up through the soil to give the family room to sleep through the winter.

We’re Going on a Leaf Hunt by Steve Metzger is a fun story for young children. 
There are lots of beautiful fall leaves to find! Three friends have a big adventure hiking over a mountain and through a forest to collect leaves of all kinds and colors. What will they do with all their leaves at the end of the story? Jump and play in them, of course!

Fletcher and the Falling Leaves by Julia Rawlinson is, I think, my favorite book on this list. To me it just looks and feels like fall. It is such an adorably sweet story with beautiful illustrations. You can’t help but fall in love with it.
As the leaves fall from his favorite tree, Fletcher worries that something is terribly wrong. But then winter comes, and with it a wonderful surprise.

Mother Earth and Her Children: A Quilted Fairy Tale by Sibylle von Olfers is a great story to teach children about the seasons, and cycles of the year.
When Mother Earth calls her children to prepare for spring, the earthly children yawn and stretch before they busy themselves with beautification. They dust off the bumblebees, scrub the beetles, paint bright new coats on the ladybugs, and rouse the caterpillars from their cocoons. Bedecked with new blossoms, the children emerge from the earth and become spring flowers that frolic through the summer and autumn, until the leaves begin to fall and they return to Mother Earth, bringing the weary bugs and beetles back to their winter refuge.

If your children love the illustrations found in Mother Earth and Her Children, then they will love Mother Earth and Her Children: A Quilted Fairy Tale Coloring Book. 

Bear Has a Story to Tell by Philip C. Stead is another wonderful fall themed picture book.
Bear found his friend Mouse, but Mouse was busy gathering seeds and didn’t have time to listen to a story. Then Bear saw his friend Duck, but Duck was getting ready to fly south. What about his friend Toad? He was busy looking for a warm place to sleep. By the time Bear was through helping his friends get ready for winter, would anyone still be awake to hear his story?

Kitten’s First Full Moon by Kevin Henkes is the last book in this list. 
It is Kitten’s first full moon, and when she sees it she thinks it is a bowl of milk in the sky. And she wants it.
There you have it! Some books to get you kids in the fall mood, and keep them entertained for a while.
If you enjoyed reading this list, then please share it with your friends and family.
Happy Reading & Writing!Related Posts:

Rohit Shetty made Ajay Devgn-starrer Singham because of this Salman Khan film: ‘Karan Johar, Aditya Chopra wanted to…’

There are reports and rumours that Salman Khan will be making a cameo as his Dabangg character Chulbul Pandey in Singham Again.Rohit Shetty and Ajay Devgn are awaiting the release of Singham Again, the next chapter in filmmaker’s Cop Universe. In January earlier this year, while promoting his debut OTT series Indian Police Force, Rohit shared that he had made Singham because of Salman Khan-starrer Wanted. He said that how directors like Karan Johar and Aditya Chopra were busy making romantic films, when an “underdog” action movie Wanted came and shook the box office. 

Talking to Pinkvilla, Rohit Shetty said, “I made Singham because of Wanted. That was a phase when multiplex had come in. Everybody was doing romantic films. Karan Johar, Aditya Chopra, every second director and every second hero wanted to make those kinds of films. It was 2009, I was making All The Best. PVR had just opened up. And that time nobody was making mass action films. And Wanted was one underdog which came.”

“I went in the theatre and I saw kids in PVR whistling and clapping. I was like, the time has come back to make mass entertainer because even, abhi multiplex mein bhi seetiya aur taali bajne lagi hain. And in then, we made Singham in 2011”, the Chennai Express director added. While Wanted was a remake of Mahesh Babu-starrer Telugu film Pokiri, Singham was a remake of Suriya-starrer Tamil film Singam.

Now, there are reports and rumours that Salman Khan will be making a cameo as his Dabangg character Chulbul Pandey in Singham Again. The film already boasts of a huge ensemble of Ajay Devgn, Kareena Kapoor Khan, Ranveer Singh, Deepika Padukone, Akshay Kumar, Tiger Shroff, Jackie Shroff, and Arjun Kapoor. 

The Rohit Shetty directorial is slated to release in cinemas on the occasion of Diwali on November 1, and will clash at the box office with Anees Bazmee’s Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3. The horror comedy features Kartik Aaryan, Triptii Dimri, Vidya Balan, and Madhuri Dixit Nene in the leading roles. It will be interesting to see which film wins the box office battle between the two. READ | Meet actor, who refused Karan Johar film, was ‘blacklisted’ from industry; then debuted in Rs 200-crore hit, is now…

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What Eva Mendes and Ryan Gosling’s kids think of her movies

Entertainment gossip and news from Newsweek’s network of contributorsEva Mendes has a resume stacked with great movies — but the 50-year-old actress and author has learned that children will humble you more quickly than any critic can.In an interview on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon that aired Wednesday, September 18, Mendes revealed that she had tried to show her daughters — Esmeralda, 10, and Amada, 8 — some of her movies, however, they didn’t seem to be invested.

Actors (L-R) Eva Mendes and Ryan Gosling attend “The Place Beyond The Pines” premiere during the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival at Princess of Wales Theatre on September 7, 2012 in Toronto, Canada. Though the…
Actors (L-R) Eva Mendes and Ryan Gosling attend “The Place Beyond The Pines” premiere during the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival at Princess of Wales Theatre on September 7, 2012 in Toronto, Canada. Though the two have incredible acting resumes, Mendes revealed in September 2024 that her and Gosling’s daughters weren’t particularly interested in her films.
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Sonia Recchia/Getty Images
“It’s like, I tried to show them—this was about a year ago—I tried to show them a scene from Hitch that I was actually proud of, because I’m scared of deep, dark water,” Mendes said. “I had to do this physical comedy stunt thing in the Hudson. Anyway, I was so scared. So, I faced a fear that day and did this stunt, and I was proud of it.”Mendes also revealed that she had used this particular scene to tell a story to her daughters about facing her fears, given the fact that she is scared of the water. After telling the story, Mendes showed the girls the clip from Hitch.
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“One time one of my girls was scared, and I’m like, ‘Oh, an opportunity to, like, show off what I, you know,'” Eva laughed. “I played it for them, and I was like, ‘This is Mama facing her fear.’ And, anyway, they were not impressed at all! They were just like, ‘Oh, cool, Mama! Can we go outside?'”While the girls may not have been excited about Mendes’ movies, the actress revealed that they did, however, enjoy Barbie, which stars their dad, and Mendes’ partner, Ryan Gosling.”That was beautiful, because the girls were such a huge part of that,” Mendes said. “They were such a huge part in him saying yes and taking the role, because there’s like 30 Barbies sitting in the house, and there’s one Ken. So, you know, he was like, ‘There’s something here!'”Though Mendes’ movies might not be the girls’ cup of tea, perhaps they’ll be more entertained by their mom’s new children’s book Desi, Mami, and The Never-Ending Worries, which arrived to shelves Tuesday, September 17.

Launch of book by Longford in St Mary’s Hall in Lanesboro

A book launch for ‘Shannonside Tales’ by local historian John Casey (pictured) is set to take place in St Mary’s Hall in Lanesboro on Saturday, September 21 at 2pm. The book will be launched by writer Jack Harte. ‘Shannonside Tales’ is a compilation of many years of research by John Casey. The book includes many stories about local people and places in Lanesboro, Ballyleague and surrounding areas.
John also includes some of his own reminiscences, particularly about the changes seen throughout the years within the area. The book is edited by Andrew Knowles and includes contributions from Tommy Murray and Sean Ó Súilleabháin. The book received financial support from Longford County Council through a small grant scheme for local books. John has previously written Lanesborough-Ballyleague: A Living History 1939-1955, which was published in 2003. He was also key in organising the book Rathcline: Pathways to the Past, published in 1995.
Ahead of the launch, Longford County Council Cathaoirleach Cllr Mark Casey said, “As a Lanesboro native, I wish to congratulate John Casey and all involved on ‘Shannonside Tales’. It is great to see such a wealth of local history from the area written down for all to be able to read, be entertained by and learn from. I encourage everyone to pick up their copy.”Longford County Council Chief Executive Paddy Mahon added, “The Council is proud to support this excellent work of John Casey. His ‘Shannonside Tales’ provides an invaluable insight into local history, with many stories for local people as well as our diaspora.”
‘Shannonside Tales’ will be available to purchase for €20 at the book launch in St Mary’s Hall in Lanesboro on Saturday, September 21 at 2pm.
After the launch, it will be available from O’Brien’s shop in Lanesboro and in Newsround in Longford and Roscommon.

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5 Tech Jobs That Make $100,000 Or More Per Year

The technology industry continues to be a hotbed of opportunity, with the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics projecting faster-than-average growth in computer and information technology occupations, with an estimated 356,700 annual job openings until 2033.

This high demand for tech talent has intensified competition among employers, leading to increased salaries and innovative compensation strategies.

Equity or stock options are frequently included in pay packages offered by tech companies, particularly startups. These can potentially become highly lucrative in successful firms, sometimes adding substantial sums to an employee’s overall remuneration.

Larger public tech companies commonly offer stock grants, often as restricted stock units. This practice serves to both attract and retain skilled professionals while ensuring their interests align with the company’s performance. For many in the tech industry, particularly those in senior positions, stock grants can constitute a significant portion of their total compensation. In some instances, the value of these grants may surpass the employee’s base salary.

To encourage long-term commitment, stock grants typically include vesting periods, often spanning four years. This structure acts as an effective retention strategy for tech firms.
However, while stock grants offer the possibility of considerable financial gains if the company thrives, they also carry inherent risks, as the value can vary significantly based on fluctuations in the company’s stock price.
Jobs That Earn Over $100,000 In Tech
From seasoned software engineers to emerging roles in artificial intelligence and machine learning, the tech landscape is ripe with six-figure job prospects.

As digital transformation accelerates across sectors, professionals with in-demand skills in areas such as software development, data science, cybersecurity and cloud computing are particularly well-positioned to secure high-paying positions.

Landing these coveted positions often requires a combination of advanced technical skills, relevant experience and sometimes, specialized education or certifications.
Here is a list of five promising tech careers that can potentially earn you $100,000 or more, according to Levels.fyi, along with the qualifications and educational requirements needed to break into these roles.

1. Backend Software Engineer
Median Total Compensation: $180,000
Job Summary: Back-end software engineers craft the essential infrastructure that drives web application functionality. Their domain encompasses servers, databases and applications, with a focus on ensuring smooth and efficient operations.
In contrast to their front-end counterparts who concentrate on the visual and user-interactive elements, back-end software engineers are primarily concerned with the operational aspects and performance of digital platforms. Their coding expertise is applied to manage crucial tasks such as data management, information processing, user authentication and cybersecurity measures.
Qualifications: A bachelor’s degree in fields such as computer science, software engineering, network engineering and security or information technology provides foundational skills in back-end programming, software design, computer architecture and web development. However, It is possible to pursue a career as a backend software engineer without having a formal degree. Bootcamps can prepare you for employment in six to 12 months and are significantly more affordable than a traditional university education.
2. AI Researcher
Median Total Compensation: $180,000
Job Summary: AI researchers are experts devoted to pushing the boundaries of artificial intelligence through systematic study and testing. Their mission is to tackle intricate AI challenges, expand scholarly understanding and uncover groundbreaking ways to apply AI across diverse fields. These specialists conduct in-depth investigations to enhance and revolutionize current AI frameworks. Their responsibilities span from crafting sophisticated algorithms to executing data analysis and leveraging machine learning strategies to address practical issues.
Qualifications: AI researchers typically possess a Ph.D. or equivalent experience in computer science, AI or a related technical field. They demonstrate their expertise through extensive AI research experience, often evidenced by publications in renowned journals. Proficiency in programming languages such as Python, Java or R is essential for their work. These professionals also bring a deep understanding of machine learning, neural networks and computational statistics to their research and development efforts.
3. Network Engineer
Median Total Compensation: $201,000
Job Summary: A network engineer, also known as a network architect, designs and implements computer and information networks, including local area networks, wide area networks and intranets. They provide input on companywide security, hardware and software decisions. Network architects plan and execute the layout of cables and other required components for network systems.
Qualifications: A network engineer must have a bachelor’s degree in computer science, information systems, information technology or related fields. This will give the candidate an in-depth understanding of network security and database design. There are also certification courses, such as CCENT, CompTia A+ certification and VMware Certified Professional that can help you land a network engineering job.
4. Quantitative Researcher
Median Total Compensation: $202,300
Job Summary: A quantitative researcher, or quant researcher, in technology typically refers to a professional who applies advanced mathematical and statistical techniques to analyze data and develop models for tech companies. Quant
Quant
researchers play a crucial role in developing cutting-edge algorithms and models that drive innovation in areas like AI, machine learning and data analytics. Their work often forms the foundation for new products and features. They are able to predict future patterns, assess potential risks and fine-tune strategic approaches.
Qualifications: Aspiring quant researchers typically begin their journey with an undergraduate degree in fields like mathematics, statistics, computer science or engineering. A crucial skill for these professionals is proficiency in coding languages such as Python, R or MATLAB. These programming tools are essential for their work, serving as the primary means to handle data, conduct statistical evaluations and construct models. This technical expertise allows quants to effectively process large datasets and create complex quantitative frameworks.
5. Technical Product Manager
Median Total Compensation: $243,000
Job Summary: Technical product managers transform a product vision into reality by collaborating with teams to develop and refine its design features. They are responsible for creating and managing product roadmaps, coordinating with different teams to ensure that the design elements of a product effectively address user needs.
Qualifications: Most technical product managers hold a bachelor’s degree in software engineering, computer science or a similar technical discipline. The career path often begins with a position as a junior software engineer, progressing to a senior software engineer role. From there, professionals may advance to become engineering managers or transition into technical product management. It’s uncommon for individuals to step directly into technical product management without first demonstrating their capabilities in a technically-oriented position.

David Collins: The Trudeau government’s tax on American tech giants is a lose-lose for consumers and the Canadian economy

In what could be a messy battle, with Canadian consumers and entertainment producers caught in the crossfire, the United States is predictably challenging Canada’s new Digital Services Tax (DST) on American tech giants.
On August 30, the United States Trade Representative (USTR) launched a complaint against the DST (which went into force in late June) under the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA)—the trilateral trade deal finalized during the Trump administration that replaced NAFTA from the 1990s.
The federal government created the DST to combat the perception that the world’s biggest tech companies are not paying their fair share of tax; since the tech companies operate in cyberspace, they are able to locate in low-tax jurisdictions while serving clients around the world, including in Canada, where they are largely untaxed.
A multilateral treaty, crafted under the auspices of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, was intended to address this issue, but it has not yet materialized. The Trudeau government could not wait and went ahead with the DST on its own, despite warnings it would anger our largest trading partner.
On its face, the DST applies to large businesses, both foreign and domestic, that meet both of two revenue thresholds: total global revenue of €750 million or more in a fiscal year; and greater than $20 million in earnings in Canada in the calendar year. The tax applies at a rate of three percent on profits over $20 million.
A particularly nasty feature is that the DST applies retroactively for revenues earned since Jan. 1, 2022; billions of dollars are already payable.

There are four DST revenue categories: online marketplace services, which would appear to target companies like Amazon; online advertising services, which catches Alphabet (Google) and Netflix; social media services, for Meta (Facebook and Instagram); and finally, user data revenue (Amazon, Alphabet, and Meta could all owe in this category, along with other giants like Apple).
Since the DST appears to only affect American companies, the U.S. is justifiably concerned the legislation is discriminatory.
Interestingly, in bringing the claim against Canada, the USTR mentioned the services chapter of CUSMA specifically as the source of its rights. The services chapter prohibits discrimination between services or services suppliers, either foreign versus local or among foreign companies from different countries.
The scope of these obligations is fairly broad, prohibiting less favourable treatment accorded to other services and service suppliers that are in “like circumstances.” Whether treatment is accorded in “like circumstances” depends on a range of factors, including legitimate public welfare objectives.
Accordingly, Canada might assert that the equitable and effective imposition and collection of taxes on digital service suppliers is such an objective. But the design of the DST, which appears to single out American companies, would surely weaken this claim. The U.S. case would be strengthened by the demonstration of some injury to the companies involved—not just in the form of their paying more tax, but ideally also that Canadians had reduced their consumption of their services.
Oddly, although the USTR’s press release did not mention it, CUSMA also includes a digital trade chapter. The U.S. might assert the DST violates the digital trade chapter’s prohibition on duties on electronic transactions. However, that obligation expressly does not preclude a party from imposing internal taxes, fees, or other charges on a digital product transmitted electronically “provided that those taxes, fees, or charges are imposed in a manner consistent with this Agreement.”
While the DST is a tax, and therefore seems excluded, the U.S. may claim that it has not been applied in a manner that is consistent with CUSMA because of its discriminatory nature, as alluded to above.
Canada might seek to defend the DST based on the “direct tax” exception, incorporated into CUSMA services chapter as a transplant from the World Trade Organization General Agreement on Trade in Services. But most commentators agree that digital services taxes are not direct taxes (imposed directly on the taxpayer, like income tax) but rather indirect (levied on goods and services).

i

International Trade Minister Mary Ng, right, looks on as U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai speaks during a joint news conference in Ottawa, May 5, 2022. Adrian Wyld/The Canadian Press.

Another conceivable means of responding to the U.S. challenge might be on the basis that the DST involves “cultural industries,” which are exempt from CUSMA. If it uses this line of defence, Canada will need to craft an argument that U.S. online services are somehow undermining Canadian culture—plausible in the case of Netflix, for example, which carries predominately U.S. and international content.
If the U.S. complaint proceeds to a formal dispute and Canada loses on the basis that the DST is discriminatory against the U.S., Canada will have to bring its legislation into conformity with CUSMA, and eliminate the discriminatory element.
Should Canada lose and fail to comply, the U.S. could retaliate with tariffs on Canadian services or goods, even in unrelated sectors. The ensuing trade war would be damaging for U.S.-Canadian relations, not to mention harmful to the Canadian economy. It is difficult to see how the Trudeau government did not see this coming.
Even if Canada were to win, the result would still be negative. Either the big American tech companies will pass on the cost of the tax to consumers (higher prices for your Amazon Prime or Netflix subscription), or they could reduce their presence in Canada. Meta famously blocked access to news on Facebook and Instagram in response to a Canadian law mandating that tech giants pay Canadian news outlets for news.
It could also spell the end of Canadian content on these platforms—no more Heartland or Schitt’s Creek on Netflix. Price hikes, reduced consumer choice, harm to the Canadian entertainment industry—the DST has very little to recommend it.
Resorting to CUSMA to resolve grievances regarding the DST represents a failure of diplomacy. The U.S. had engaged extensively with Canada over the last few years when the DST was still a proposal. The retroactive nature of the tax surely indicated that the American response would be swift.

The Trudeau government, which has enjoyed warm relations with the Biden Administration, may have felt that the U.S. would not respond, perhaps due to the distraction of the upcoming election.
Consultations will continue for the next 70-plus days before a formal dispute is launched through CUSMA’s Chapter 31. CUSMA disputes can take many years to conclude and the agreement itself is up for review in 2026. So, there is a chance the dispute could be discontinued if the rules themselves were revised.
USTR Katherine Tai emphasized the need to continue negotiations for a global tax treaty to deal with digital services, which are fast becoming a critical element of the global economy.
U.S. preference for trade multilateralism is encouraging and in many respects is a throwback to an earlier era of globalized rulemaking. But this approach, while welcome, is at odds with American refusal to rehabilitate the WTO’s failing dispute settlement system.
It is difficult to imagine a multilateral digital services tax, or functional digital trade rules of any kind, without an effective enforcement mechanism at the international level.

David Collins

David Collins, a senior fellow at the Macdonald-Laurier Institute, is a professor of international economic law at City, University of London and was nominated for the roster of panellists for NAFTA’s (now CUSMA) trade remedies.

Balancing Technology With Humanity In Business

Businesses need to integrate technology into their work processes, regardless of their industry. That’s why an estimated 95% of businesses report integrating at least one technological platform into their workflow, with 87% of those businesses reporting an increase in productivity because of technology, according to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.

However, as businesses continue embracing technology to manage everything from communication to customer interactions, scheduling, and content production, there is an equally important conversation about maintaining the human touch. Striking the balance between technology and humanity is not just a leadership challenge—it is a strategic imperative for many companies that want to focus on the people who use their products and services.

The Promise Of Technology In Business
There’s no question that integrating technology into business operations can be transformative. “Tech tools can be a game-changer for automating repetitive tasks, analyzing enormous data sets, and improving customer experience through things like AI-driven chatbots and streamlined workflows,” says Rudy Samsel, co-founder of Guys with Rides, an online dealer-free platform for classic car enthusiasts. “We have found a way to integrate technology into the car-buying process to make a streamlined experience for classic car buyers and sellers that saves time, money, and frustration on all sides.”

However, with these advancements come new challenges of course. The more businesses automate and rely on technology, the more they risk losing the human element that makes customer interactions, team dynamics, and leadership effective. While efficiency and enablement is essential, human connections like empathy, creativity, and emotional intelligence—remain equally invaluable.

The Risk Of Over-Automation
While AI and other advents enable automation that drive efficiency, its important to note, an over-reliance can alienate customers and employees, so balance is key. “These tools and technologies could ultimately affect the delivery of critical business services to the surrounding ecosystem,” warn Federico Berruti, Akshay Phal, and Christophe Rougeaux for McKinsey and Company.

As a example, customer service AI-powered chatbots are powerful. The chatbots can handle inquiries quickly and efficiently, creating bandwidth and capacity for many teams. However, for more complex or emotionally charged issues, customers prefer to speak with a human representative who can offer understanding, empathy, and a solution.

Why Humanity Still Matters In Business
As a technologists, the benefits are clear. “Technology is a tool businesses can use to build stronger relationships with customers. Businesses that prioritize human interaction and emotional connection often develop deeper loyalty with their customers. People value businesses that not only meet their needs but also understand and care about their experiences,” says Samsel.

However its important we don’t over index, as technology can’t replicate nuances in human interaction. In business, empathy, trust, and emotional intelligence play crucial roles in building long-lasting relationships with both customers and employees. “It is humans, more than physical assets, that truly drive business performance today.” explains Deloitte’s 2024 Human Capital Trends Report.
Striking The Right Balance Between Technology and Humanity
Finding the balance between technology and humanity is not about choosing one over the other but rather integrating both in a way that enhances business outcomes while maintaining meaningful human interactions, especially in the age of artificial intelligence. Here are some practical steps for leaders and businesses:

Humanize Customer Interactions: Use technology to streamline basic interactions, but ensure that customers have access to human support when they need it.
Leverage Technology Thoughtfully: Use AI and automation to handle repetitive tasks, freeing up human employees for roles that require emotional intelligence, strategic thinking, and creativity. “Technology should augment human capabilities, not replace them,” says Samsel.
Maintain Authentic Leadership: Leaders should embrace technology for efficiency but never lose sight of the importance of human connection. Authentic, empathetic leadership builds trust and fosters a positive organizational culture that technology alone cannot create.

Technology will undoubtedly continue to revolutionize the way we as humans operate and how businesses are run, but it cannot replace the human elements of empathy, trust, and creativity that drive meaningful relationships and sustainable success. Businesses that integrate both seamlessly, will succeed by creating a future where technology enhances human potential rather than diminishes it. By embracing both, leaders can build resilient, innovative companies that their human customers love.

Viewpoint: Climate science needs to talk more about ‘justice’—here’s how philosophy can help

Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain

Climate scientists have all kinds of language to discuss their scientific theories. But when it comes to values and justice, scientific language is less helpful. This matters, because when scientists claim a climate policy or scenario is “just,” they sometimes can’t or don’t explain what they actually mean.

This leads to confusion. Consider by how much a given country should cut its emissions. If I say a plan is fair and you say it’s unfair, but we don’t have an explanation of what our underlying assumptions are, we’ll just end up talking past each other.
Scientists recognize this challenge and have been calling for shared justice language they can use.
As a philosopher, I helped answer this challenge by contributing to recent research which lays out justice language for climate scientists. Although it is intended for climate scientists, it can also be used in climate policy or by anyone trying to think more rigorously about climate change.
With a shared set of concepts, anyone can meaningfully discuss what assumptions they endorse—and why. We could think of it as a “how to” guide for climate scientists to use and understand justice language.
Share the wealth
The first form of justice we discuss is “distributional justice,” which asks how scarce resources should be shared.
Distributional justice involves deciding on multiple elements. For instance, what do we take to be the most morally important metrics when deciding something is just? It might be good health or access to energy, or self-reported well-being.
You can then consider what distributional “pattern” would be ideally just—for instance, should access to energy be exactly equal for everyone, or should it vary according to need for energy, capacity to use it, and so on.
Once you provide an answer for a metric and pattern, you have a “theory of distributive justice” that can be used to evaluate some outcome.
For instance, one researcher might be interested in providing equal emissions to everyone in a country; another might want to make sure poor citizens have enough energy. In that example, emissions and energy are the metrics, while “equality” and “ensuring the poorest have enough” are the patterns.

Is the process fair?
The second form of justice is “procedural justice,” which in terms of research means questioning whether the processes are fair. For instance, does the research include scholars with diverse viewpoints or backgrounds?
For decades, climate scientists have held that diversity is valuable. Having different people in the room is likely to change which questions get asked—partly because the impacts of climate change vary from place to place, and partly because people’s experiences can lead them to ask different questions. Research that fails to recognize this diversity can miss this value.
It is also important for the legitimacy of international climate groups that their work reflects different nationalities. Efforts to improve inclusion have had some success but are ongoing. We believe they should be seen as improving procedural justice.
Making things right
The third form of justice is “corrective justice.” This involves questions of who to hold responsible for climate change—for example, whether we should distinguish between oil buyers and the companies that sell oil. It means asking if those harmed by climate impacts should be compensated or restored to some previous state—and if so, how would this be decided?

For researchers working on carbon budgets, these kinds of considerations affect who is allowed to emit. If a country historically emitted a lot of greenhouse gases, that means it should have less leeway to emit today. Not only is that fairer, but countries that are especially vulnerable to climate change are often those which emitted little in the past.
The framework that comes out of these forms of justice is simple but powerful. Scientists can use whichever forms of justice they think most valuable for their work. And when disagreeing about which outcomes are just, they have precise language to pinpoint the source of the disagreement.
The shared language we have proposed can help us discuss justice in a more structured way. It can lead climate researchers to reflect on the assumptions embedded in their work. Because once you see where injustice is, that’s where you can start to enact justice.

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The Conversation

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.