The world’s longest-range, single-aisle plane is poised to shake up transatlantic travel

By Maureen O’Hare, CNN

(CNN) — In travel news this week: crackdowns on overtourism in Florence and Pompeii, new developments in the world of long-haul and ultralong-haul flights, plus the California couple who moved to France, where things did not go as they hoped.

Launch of the Airbus A321XLR

It’s slim, it’s sleek, it has a third fuel tank, and it’s ready to open up unexplored long-haul routes.

It’s the new Airbus A321XLR — the XLR is for “Xtra Long Range” — and it just made its inaugural flight with Spain’s Iberia airline on Thursday, with a hop from Madrid to Boston.

Iberia’s 182-seat plane is the world’s longest-range single-aisle commercial aircraft, with a range of up to 4,700 nautical miles (a little over 5,400 miles).

For comparison, New York to Istanbul is about 5,000 miles. Airbus also says it burns 30% less fuel per seat than previous-generation aircraft.

What this kind of range on a single-aisle plane means is that it can open up routes and frequencies that weren’t possible with a bigger, less economical craft — such as the new routes from Dublin, Ireland, to Nashville and Indianapolis that Irish carrier Aer Lingus plans to launch with the plane next year.

Aviation writer Miquel Ros, who was invited by Iberia to preview the plane on the ground, told CNN he found the cabin “a decent compromise between the known space limitations and the need for efficiency.

“The business class seats are slightly narrower than the ones on the airline’s twin-aisle aircraft, but they still offer a clearly differentiated premium experience as well as the ability to sleep flat.

“Economy class offers a pitch similar to that found on larger aircraft types as well as the same inflight entertainment system.” He adds that two “state-of-the-art” food galleys should offer solace to those concerned about the smaller cabin.

The ‘overtourism’ problem

The A321XLR’s ability to open up lesser-visited destinations to more tourists could help take the load off some of the world’s overcrowded travel hubs, many of which are feeling the strain.

In Italy, the historic city of Florence is banning key boxes used by short-term rental landlords and loudspeakers used by tour guides. The ancient site of Pompeii is also introducing a limit on the daily number of visitors. That follows the news that Venice is planning to increase its day-tripper tax and impose a two-tier entry system.

In the Portuguese capital, Lisbon residents are calling for a vote on restricting vacation rentals, and the Indonesian island of Bali is preparing a ban on new hotels.

It’s clearly a huge problem, not just in Europe but the world beyond. So the question now is: Can tourism be saved? We took a deeper look at the issues involved.

More news from the air

The A321XLR wasn’t the only long-haul news this week. The planes used for the world’s longest nonstop commercial flights – between Singapore and New York – are getting a makeover. The retrofit of Singapore Airlines’ Airbus A350-900s includes the addition of first-class seats on select aircraft.

And in a big new feature for Apple’s popular AirTag tracking device, customers will be able to share the location of their wayward lost suitcases directly with the airlines, so they can hopefully be reunited sooner.

Luggage trackers aren’t the only hot new innovation in travel tech. Our partners at CNN Underscored, a product reviews and recommendations guide owned by CNN, have rounded up 12 great tech wearables for travelers, from posture-correcting clothing to smart rings.

Au revoir, ma chérie

California couple Joanna McIsaac-Kierklo and Ed Kierklo moved to spend their later years in southern France. Their French dream turned into a “nightmare.” They wanted to return – until, that is, Donald Trump made his own comeback.

In case you missed it

Her wife died and she went on a cruise.

Then she met a fellow passenger who changed her life forever.

The Taliban says it wants people to visit Afghanistan.

Here’s what it’s like.

The vineyards of Paris were lost centuries ago.

One survives hidden in the heart of the city.

Move over, Japan.

South Korea’s convenience store culture is the new cool.

The-CNN-Wire™ & © 2024 Cable News Network, Inc., a Warner Bros. Discovery Company. All rights reserved.

High-Income Business Ideas For Aspiring Entrepreneurs

In today’s fast-paced world, starting a business is more accessible than ever before. While many aspire to launch their own ventures, true success depends on selecting a business model that not only reflects your passions but also offers the potential for significant income growth.

Choosing the right business is a pivotal step in building your entrepreneurial journey. By selecting a business that offers both high income potential and aligns with market demand, you set yourself up for a greater chance of success.

A business with strong demand ensures a consistent customer base, while high income potential allows for significant financial growth and sustainability. This combination creates a solid foundation, enabling you to focus on scaling and innovating rather than struggling to stay afloat.

Thoughtful consideration at this stage can make the difference between a thriving venture and one that falls short of its goals.

Here are seven high-income business ideas worth considering:

1. Digital Marketing Agency
With businesses increasingly shifting online, the demand for digital marketing expertise is skyrocketing. Specializing in areas like paid ads, social media management, or content marketing can lead to a highly profitable agency. Retainer clients and performance-based contracts can significantly boost your revenue.
2. Consulting or Coaching Business
Consulting and coaching businesses, particularly in niches like leadership development, career transitions, or financial planning, offer excellent earning potential. High-ticket packages and group coaching programs can help you scale your income. Women over 50 transitioning into entrepreneurship can leverage their life experience to offer unique insights and services.

3. Real Estate Investment
Real estate has always been a reliable avenue for building wealth. Whether you’re flipping properties, owning rental properties, or delving into short-term rentals like Airbnb, the potential for high income is significant. Pairing real estate with property management services can add an additional revenue stream.

4. Luxury Event Planning
High-end event planning, such as weddings, corporate galas, and exclusive retreats, can command premium pricing. Clients in this market are willing to pay for expertise, creativity, and attention to detail. Building partnerships with luxury vendors can also increase your profitability.
5. Tech Solutions Provider
Technology-based services, such as app development, software as a service (SaaS), or cybersecurity consulting, are among the highest-paying fields today. If you have tech skills or can partner with experts, creating solutions for businesses or consumers can lead to substantial profits.
6. Healthcare Services
Senior care, physical therapy clinics, or mental health counseling services are in high demand. As the population ages, businesses in these niches can expect continued growth and profitability. Offering unique approaches, such as in-home services or telehealth options, can further boost your earning potential.
7. Specialized E-commerce
Instead of diving into a saturated e-commerce market, consider focusing on specialized products with high margins. Examples include eco-friendly products, artisanal goods, or subscription boxes. Pairing your e-commerce store with strategic branding and social media can create a loyal customer base.
Final Thoughts
The bottom line is that the secret to a high-income business lies in finding the intersection of demand, your skillset, and scalability. Whether it’s a service-based business like digital marketing services or a product-based venture like e-commerce, the potential to generate significant income is out there. The key is to start strategically, focus on your strengths, and adapt to the market’s needs.

New on Hulu November 16-22: our expert’s picks for 6 TV shows and movies coming to Hulu this week

Scrolling for something new to watch on Hulu this week, November 16-22? Let me give you a hand with my picks for the best movies, TV shows and more arriving on the streaming service.Among my top picks this week are a trio of movies from recent years (two historical dramas and one high-concept thriller), a brand new Hulu original series, a star-studded awards show and a brand new stand-up special from a big name comedian.Check out all of the picks for this week directly below.Harriet (2019)Cynthia Erivo in Harriet (Image credit: BFA/Alamy Stock Photo)Watch Cynthia Erivo’s Oscar-nominated performance on Hulu starting November 16Cynthia Erivo’s latest movie, Wicked, premieres in movie theaters later this week, but now you can stream her Oscar-nominated performance as Harriet Tubman in the appropriately titled Harriet. The movie details the American icon’s journey as an enslaved woman to escaping for freedom and then helping others do the same.Interior ChinatownJimmy Yang in Interior Chinatown. (Image credit: HuluJimmy O. Yang in Hul)Hulu original series starring Jimmy Yang and Ronny Chieng premieres November 19In this meta show set in the world of a fictional TV crime drama, Willis Yu (Jimmy Yang) is a background character that is going through the motions until he becomes a key witness to a crime that could unravel a criminal web in Chinatown and unearth long hidden family secrets. The show is based on the award-winning book of the same name by Charles Yu.Missing (2023)Storm Reid in Missing (Image credit: Sony Pictures Entertainment)A thriller with a clever concept, Missing is streaming on Hulu as of November 20Who would’ve thought watching a thriller movie play out entirely on a computer screen could be so gripping? That’s the case with Missing (and its predecessor Searching), where a teenage girl begins to suspect that her mother has been kidnapped while on vacation and becomes a digital detective to find the truth. Storm Reid is strong in this entertaining watch that builds to an ending you likely won’t see coming.58th Annual CMA AwardsPeyton Manning, Lainey Wilson and Luke Bryan (Image credit: Disney/Brian Bowen Smith)Catch the full CMA Awards show on Hulu November 21, the day after it airs on live TVIf you’re not able to watch the 58th Annual CMA Awards live but want to see all the performances and trophies handed out to country’s best artists, then you can stream the entire show on Hulu the day after it airs live on ABC. Luke Bryan, Peyton Manning and Lainey Wilson are hosting the show, which is going to feature performances by Kelsea Ballerini, Brooks & Dunn, Eric Church, Luke Combs, Riley Green, Jelly Roll, Cody Johnson, Ella Langley, Noah Kahan, Megan Moroney, Kacey Musgraves and Bailey Zimmerman.The latest updates, reviews and unmissable series to watch and more!Jim Gaffigan: The SkinnyJim Gaffigan (Image credit: Disney/Seacia Pavao)Hulu adds new stand-up special to its growing comedy library on November 22Jim Gaffigan is one of the more popular comedians out there, having performed numerous stand-up specials and starring in big TV shows and movies (Full Circle, Unfrosted). In this brand new special, Gaffigan shares his take on appetite suppressants to raising teenagers.Firebrand (2024)Alicia Vikander and Jude Law in Firebrand (Image credit: Larry Horricks/Roadside Attractions)Jude Law and Alicia Vikander period drama hits streaming on November 22Jude Law stars as King Henry VIII in the period drama Firebrand that came out earlier in 2024, but the story truly belongs to Alicia Vikander’s Katherine Parr, Henry’s sixth wife. After serving as regent when her husband was abroad, Katherine finds herself in an increasingly dangerous situation, especially when Henry returns increasingly ill and paranoid.

The incredible shipwreck now a haven for dark tourism off coast of pretty European city

The world’s oceans are scattered with the carcasses of sunken ships, lying deep beneath the water and frozen in time.The most famous shipwreck is probably the Titanic that sank on its maiden voyage across the Atlantic on its way to America.It is of course only accessible to remote-controlled submarines and is therefore off limits to most of us.However, there are plenty of shipwrecks that are accessible to scuba divers, providing great opportunities for underwater exploration.The MS Zenobia is one such wreck and is one of the top ten dives in the world, as voted by divers each year.Like the Titanic, the MS Zenobia was on her maiden voyage when disaster struck and she went down.A roll-on/roll-off ferry, she was loaded with 100 trucks and on her way to Syria when she began to list.Although the list was temporarily rectified, the same problem occurred again just off Larnaca in Cyprus.When the heavy cargo slipped, the ship could not be saved and it was towed from Larnaca port and sank on June 7, 1980.With a length of 172 metres and a width of 23 metres, the ship is the largest diveable wreck in the Mediterranean and is suited for divers of all levels.It has become a haven for a range of fantastic marine life, which have made the wreck their home.The outside of the wreck has much to see with the two massive props, roll-on/roll-off doors, the lorries on the outside, funnels, bridge, cafeteria, the bow area and the accommodation.The visibility is usually very good (around 15 m) and the water temperatures are mild (in summer at 30 metre depth around 20C).The Zenobia lies on the port side on a sandbar at a depth of 43 metres, but the starboard sidewall can be reached at a depth of around 18 metres.The wreck has received glowing reviews from divers on Tripadvisor, with Avril R writing: “A must-do for divers who want to experience something a little more challenging above the seabed!”I did 2 dives (nitrox) and these were merely an introduction to the possibilities that Zenobia offers.”Absolutely fascinating and perfectly thrilling for a first wreck dive with just enough mind-bending visuals to keep you on your fins.”

Celebrity-loved travel item that is a must on holiday – and costs just £4 on Amazon

TRAVEL enthusiasts are thrilled to have spotted this A-lister approved item on Amazon for just £4.Singer Becky G shared what she kept in her carry on and eagle-eyed shoppers tracked one item down online.4Becky G has revealed her ultimate travel packing listCredit: Reuters4The “Shower” singer has one item that fans were quick to spot onlineCredit: Getty Images – Getty4The artist revealed Tajin is of her ‘must-have’ items and you can get it on Amazon for £4Credit: AmazonFor those who like a bit of spice in their life, you can grab a bottle of Tajin to pep up those plain plane lunches.Becky G told Thrillist: “I’m a huge foodie.”I love to eat but I also love to give it a good kick so Tajín is a must.”Tajin is a Mexican spice made from a blend of salt, lime and chilli – giving it that fiery punch.Read more TravelThis versatile seasoning can be used to elevate a dish or can even be used on the rim of a cocktail glass.It’s often used for Margaritas to ramp up the popular Mexican drink and sometimes even comes with a circular plastic glass rimmer.Spice fiends flocked to the comments to compliment the product on Amazon.One user gushed: “I have no idea how I’ve never tried this before, feels like I’ve been living under a rock. “This is really delicious and can be used on so many things, from putting it straight on to fresh fruit to veggies, dips, marinades, chips, eggs, anything.”Another added: “So good to use for the rim of cocktails.Brits reveal biggest food faults including double-dipping, stealing recipes & serving dinner they’ve dropped on floor”Makes a lovely chilli margarita!”A third could even handle more heat: “Yes please! Very yummy, not hot – the kids eat it and love it.”Very lemony and flavourful, will definitely buy it again – think this is the perfect size.”The product can be ordered from Amazon in a Tajín Clásico Glass Rimmer container, as a solo bottle, or even as a pack of three that includes a mini 10 gram bottle.This baby bottle can be popped into your travel bag and whisked away for when you want it on your holidays.Becky G said she went on her first US tour last year and was able to return to Jalisco in Mexico where here family roots are. Read more on the Scottish SunThe “Shower” singer claims she always comes prepared and packs with the mentality of “What if I will need this in the future?”Apparently one of her must-have travel items just so happens to be the beloved north American spice.Holiday packing tips Jemma Solomon, aka The Label Lady has got 5 packing tips to help you get organised for your next holiday. 1. Write a list Think about all the essentials you need to take with you; suncream, medicine, a few games for the kids, beach towels, and write everything in one list, which you can tick off as you add it to your suitcase. Or for complete ease, try Google’s AI app – Gemini – which will create a list for you and help you not over pack. 2. Involve your kids Jemma said: “My girls are getting older, they’re 11 and nine, and they enjoy helping to pack. So I send them a list, and say ‘this is what you need’ and they follow the list. “And then I give them a rucksack each – and say to them ‘you can have whatever you want in there as long as it’s not liquid’, and they can take that on the plane. And that’s their ‘home away from home’ items.” 3. Try a hack or two She said: “I think they all work, but for different reasons – and you’ve just got to pick the right one for your trip. “Rolling your clothes is really good to stop your clothes from getting creases. And if you’re trying to get a lot of items into your case, it’s a space saver. “Packing cubes are great – for example, I’m going on holiday with my three kids and we’re all using the same suitcase for our clothes.”These handy compartments let you separate your clothes, toiletries and tech into designated cubes, maximising luggage space by keeping your items compressed and neatly stacked.”I love taking them abroad with the family and it means my kids can easily take charge of their own items once we’ve arrived.” 4. Decant beauty products Do you really need to take full-size bottles of shampoo and conditioner with you? The beauty industry has evolved so much, you can now buy shampoo bars or sheets – which are much lighter and smaller. Or, if you’ll be popping to the shops when you’re abroad, consider buying some items when you arrive. 5. Get organised before you come home Jemma said: “When you repack on holiday [before coming home], the trick is to separate clean from dirty clothes. “Also pack it in some form of order – so lights, darks, colours for items that need washing, or if you wash your clothes by person in the household, piles for each person. “Then you can put it straight into the washing machine. Do it straight away, don’t leave it.”4The versatile seasoning can be used to elevate a dish or can even be used on the rim of a cocktail glassCredit: Getty

A joint Uzbek-Turkmen film received an award from the Gorkut ata festival

The film “Magtymguly Pyragy”, jointly filmed by filmmakers from the Republic of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, was declared the best feature film of the IV International Film Festival Gorkut ata.

The festival award – the Crane statuette – was received by the director of the film “Magtymguly Fragi” Muzaffarhon Erkinov (Uzbekistan) and People’s Artist of Turkmenistan Chary Berdiyev, who played the role of the poet’s father, Dovletmammed Azadi, in the film.

This film, shot under the patronage of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev and the President of Turkmenistan Serdar Berdimuhamedov, became a unique gift for the 300th anniversary of the birth of the great classic of the East Magtymguly Fragi and is a clear evidence of the expanding Turkmen-Uzbek cooperation in cinematography.

The creation of a joint biographical film by Turkmen and Uzbek filmmakers about Magtymguly Fragi, whose life and work are of lasting significance, is a vivid symbol of the strengthening of the traditional bonds of friendship and brotherhood between our peoples.

The main filming of the movie took place in the historical locations of Bukhara and Khiva in Uzbekistan, where the great poet spent his youth. Thanks to the joint work of scientists from the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, new facts from the life of Magtymguly were discovered during the creation of the film, which were reflected in the plot.

The film is voiced in two languages – Turkmen and Uzbek.

Planting Trees in the Wrong Places Could Actually Speed Up Global Warming, Scientists Warn

Snow reflects the sunlight back into space without converting it into heat (the albedo effect). The trees in this plantation in South Greenland reduce the albedo effect. Credit: Mathilde le Moullec, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources
A group of international scientists contends that planting trees at high latitudes will accelerate global warming rather than slow it down.
Tree planting is often promoted as a cost-effective strategy to combat global warming, thanks to trees’ capacity to absorb significant amounts of atmospheric carbon. However, an international team of scientists, writing in Nature Geoscience, argues that planting trees at high latitudes could actually speed up, rather than slow down, global warming.
As the climate continues to warm, trees can be planted further and further north, and large-scale tree-planting projects in the Arctic have been championed by governments and corporations as a way to mitigate the worst effects of climate change.
However, when trees are planted in the wrong places – such as normally treeless tundra and mires, as well as large areas of the boreal forest with relatively open tree canopies – they can make global warming worse.
The direct and indirect effects of afforestation on climate forcing at high latitudes and their relative magnitudes over the lifetime of a plantation. a) Plantation establishment disrupts the previously intact soil,leading to increased decomposition of microbial carbon (1), which is exacerbated by enhanced soil insulation caused by increased snow trapping and reduced snow packing (2). Growing trees exude carbon from their roots accelerating the turnover of soil carbon by root-associated microbes (3). As the plantation matures, trees darken the surface and diminish the proportion of energy reflected to the atmosphere (4). When a plantation is disturbed, the albedo increases while carbon stored in biomass decreases (5). Credit: Laura Barbero-Palacios, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources
According to lead author Assistant Professor Jeppe Kristensen from Aarhus University in Denmark, the unique characteristics of Arctic and sub-Arctic ecosystems make them poorly suited for tree planting for climate mitigation.
“Soils in the Arctic store more carbon than all vegetation on Earth,” said Kristensen. “These soils are vulnerable to disturbances, such as cultivation for forestry or agriculture, but also the penetration of tree roots. The semi-continuous daylight during the spring and early summer, when snow is still on the ground, also makes the energy balance in this region extremely sensitive to surface darkening, since green and brown trees will soak up more heat from the sun than white snow.”
Risks from Natural Disturbances
In addition, the regions surrounding the North Pole in North America, Asia, and Scandinavia are prone to natural disturbances – such as wildfires and droughts – that kill off vegetation. Climate change makes these disturbances both more frequent and more severe.
“This is a risky place to be a tree, particularly as part of a homogeneous plantation that is more vulnerable to such disturbances,” said Kristensen. “The carbon stored in these trees risks fueling disturbances and getting released back to the atmosphere within a few decades.”
The researchers say that tree planting at high latitudes is a prime example of a climate solution with a desired effect in one context but the opposite effect in another.
The Net Climate Impact (NCI) of tree planting across the Northern circumpolar region (blue=cooling, red=warming). NCI is the carbon storage in trees minus the albedo reduction effect expressed as CO2 equivalents (CO2e) per unit area. CO2e indicates the mass of CO2 that would need to be emitted/extracted from to the atmosphere to force a similar warming/cooling effect. Note that significant areas of the Arctic are excluded due to lack of data. Given the general northward change from cooling to warming effects, the researchers expect these areas to show mainly warming net effects. The map is adapted from Hasler et al. 2024, Nature Communications Credit: Jeffrey T. Kerby
“The climate debate is very carbon-focused, because the main way humans have modified the Earth’s climate in the last century is through emitting greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels,” said Kristensen. “But at the core, climate change is the result of how much solar energy entering the atmosphere stays, and how much leaves again – Earth’s so-called energy balance.”
Greenhouse gases are one important determinant of how much heat can escape our planet’s atmosphere. However, the researchers say that at high latitudes, how much sunlight is reflected back into space, without being converted into heat (known as the albedo effect), is more important than carbon storage for the total energy balance.
Alternative Strategies and Local Involvement
The researchers are calling for a more holistic view of ecosystems to identify truly meaningful nature-based solutions that do not compromise the overall goal: slowing down climate change.
“A holistic approach is not just a richer way of looking at the climate effects of nature-based solutions, but it’s imperative if we’re going to make a difference in the real world,” said senior author Professor Marc Macias-Fauria, from the University of Cambridge’s Scott Polar Research Institute.
However, the researchers recognize that there can be other reasons for planting trees, such as timber self-sufficiency, but these cases do not come with bonuses for climate mitigation.
“Forestry in the far North should be viewed like any other production system and compensate for its negative impact on the climate and biodiversity,” said Macias-Fauria. “You can’t have your cake and eat it, and you can’t deceive the Earth. By selling northern afforestation as a climate solution, we’re only fooling ourselves.”
So how can we moderate global warming at high latitudes? The researchers suggest that working with local communities to support sustainable populations of large herbivores, such as caribou, could be a more viable nature-based solution to climate change in Arctic and subarctic regions than planting millions of trees.
“There is ample evidence that large herbivores affect plant communities and snow conditions in ways that result in net cooling,” said Macias-Fauria. “This happens both directly, by keeping tundra landscapes open, and indirectly, through the effects of herbivore winter foraging, where they modify the snow and decrease its insulation capacity, reducing soil temperatures and permafrost thaw.”
The researchers say it’s vital to consider biodiversity and the livelihoods of local communities in the pursuit of nature-based climate solutions.
“Large herbivores can reduce climate-driven biodiversity loss in Arctic ecosystems and remain a fundamental food resource for local communities,” said Macias-Fauria. “Biodiversity and local communities are not an added benefit to nature-based solutions: they are fundamental. Any nature-based solutions must be led by the communities who live at the frontline of climate change.”
Reference: “Tree planting is no climate solution at northern high latitudes” by Jeppe Å. Kristensen, Laura Barbero-Palacios, Isabel C. Barrio, Ida B. D. Jacobsen, Jeffrey T. Kerby, Efrén López-Blanco, Yadvinder Malhi, Mathilde Le Moullec, Carsten W. Mueller, Eric Post, Katrine Raundrup and Marc Macias-Fauria, 7 November 2024, Nature Geoscience.DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01573-4
Funding: Carlsberg Foundation, Novo Nordisk Fonden, Natural Environment Research Council, NordForsk, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme

Planting Trees in the Wrong Places Could Actually Speed Up Global Warming, Scientists Warn

Snow reflects the sunlight back into space without converting it into heat (the albedo effect). The trees in this plantation in South Greenland reduce the albedo effect. Credit: Mathilde le Moullec, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources
A group of international scientists contends that planting trees at high latitudes will accelerate global warming rather than slow it down.
Tree planting is often promoted as a cost-effective strategy to combat global warming, thanks to trees’ capacity to absorb significant amounts of atmospheric carbon. However, an international team of scientists, writing in Nature Geoscience, argues that planting trees at high latitudes could actually speed up, rather than slow down, global warming.
As the climate continues to warm, trees can be planted further and further north, and large-scale tree-planting projects in the Arctic have been championed by governments and corporations as a way to mitigate the worst effects of climate change.
However, when trees are planted in the wrong places – such as normally treeless tundra and mires, as well as large areas of the boreal forest with relatively open tree canopies – they can make global warming worse.
The direct and indirect effects of afforestation on climate forcing at high latitudes and their relative magnitudes over the lifetime of a plantation. a) Plantation establishment disrupts the previously intact soil,leading to increased decomposition of microbial carbon (1), which is exacerbated by enhanced soil insulation caused by increased snow trapping and reduced snow packing (2). Growing trees exude carbon from their roots accelerating the turnover of soil carbon by root-associated microbes (3). As the plantation matures, trees darken the surface and diminish the proportion of energy reflected to the atmosphere (4). When a plantation is disturbed, the albedo increases while carbon stored in biomass decreases (5). Credit: Laura Barbero-Palacios, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources
According to lead author Assistant Professor Jeppe Kristensen from Aarhus University in Denmark, the unique characteristics of Arctic and sub-Arctic ecosystems make them poorly suited for tree planting for climate mitigation.
“Soils in the Arctic store more carbon than all vegetation on Earth,” said Kristensen. “These soils are vulnerable to disturbances, such as cultivation for forestry or agriculture, but also the penetration of tree roots. The semi-continuous daylight during the spring and early summer, when snow is still on the ground, also makes the energy balance in this region extremely sensitive to surface darkening, since green and brown trees will soak up more heat from the sun than white snow.”
Risks from Natural Disturbances
In addition, the regions surrounding the North Pole in North America, Asia, and Scandinavia are prone to natural disturbances – such as wildfires and droughts – that kill off vegetation. Climate change makes these disturbances both more frequent and more severe.
“This is a risky place to be a tree, particularly as part of a homogeneous plantation that is more vulnerable to such disturbances,” said Kristensen. “The carbon stored in these trees risks fueling disturbances and getting released back to the atmosphere within a few decades.”
The researchers say that tree planting at high latitudes is a prime example of a climate solution with a desired effect in one context but the opposite effect in another.
The Net Climate Impact (NCI) of tree planting across the Northern circumpolar region (blue=cooling, red=warming). NCI is the carbon storage in trees minus the albedo reduction effect expressed as CO2 equivalents (CO2e) per unit area. CO2e indicates the mass of CO2 that would need to be emitted/extracted from to the atmosphere to force a similar warming/cooling effect. Note that significant areas of the Arctic are excluded due to lack of data. Given the general northward change from cooling to warming effects, the researchers expect these areas to show mainly warming net effects. The map is adapted from Hasler et al. 2024, Nature Communications Credit: Jeffrey T. Kerby
“The climate debate is very carbon-focused, because the main way humans have modified the Earth’s climate in the last century is through emitting greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels,” said Kristensen. “But at the core, climate change is the result of how much solar energy entering the atmosphere stays, and how much leaves again – Earth’s so-called energy balance.”
Greenhouse gases are one important determinant of how much heat can escape our planet’s atmosphere. However, the researchers say that at high latitudes, how much sunlight is reflected back into space, without being converted into heat (known as the albedo effect), is more important than carbon storage for the total energy balance.
Alternative Strategies and Local Involvement
The researchers are calling for a more holistic view of ecosystems to identify truly meaningful nature-based solutions that do not compromise the overall goal: slowing down climate change.
“A holistic approach is not just a richer way of looking at the climate effects of nature-based solutions, but it’s imperative if we’re going to make a difference in the real world,” said senior author Professor Marc Macias-Fauria, from the University of Cambridge’s Scott Polar Research Institute.
However, the researchers recognize that there can be other reasons for planting trees, such as timber self-sufficiency, but these cases do not come with bonuses for climate mitigation.
“Forestry in the far North should be viewed like any other production system and compensate for its negative impact on the climate and biodiversity,” said Macias-Fauria. “You can’t have your cake and eat it, and you can’t deceive the Earth. By selling northern afforestation as a climate solution, we’re only fooling ourselves.”
So how can we moderate global warming at high latitudes? The researchers suggest that working with local communities to support sustainable populations of large herbivores, such as caribou, could be a more viable nature-based solution to climate change in Arctic and subarctic regions than planting millions of trees.
“There is ample evidence that large herbivores affect plant communities and snow conditions in ways that result in net cooling,” said Macias-Fauria. “This happens both directly, by keeping tundra landscapes open, and indirectly, through the effects of herbivore winter foraging, where they modify the snow and decrease its insulation capacity, reducing soil temperatures and permafrost thaw.”
The researchers say it’s vital to consider biodiversity and the livelihoods of local communities in the pursuit of nature-based climate solutions.
“Large herbivores can reduce climate-driven biodiversity loss in Arctic ecosystems and remain a fundamental food resource for local communities,” said Macias-Fauria. “Biodiversity and local communities are not an added benefit to nature-based solutions: they are fundamental. Any nature-based solutions must be led by the communities who live at the frontline of climate change.”
Reference: “Tree planting is no climate solution at northern high latitudes” by Jeppe Å. Kristensen, Laura Barbero-Palacios, Isabel C. Barrio, Ida B. D. Jacobsen, Jeffrey T. Kerby, Efrén López-Blanco, Yadvinder Malhi, Mathilde Le Moullec, Carsten W. Mueller, Eric Post, Katrine Raundrup and Marc Macias-Fauria, 7 November 2024, Nature Geoscience.DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01573-4
Funding: Carlsberg Foundation, Novo Nordisk Fonden, Natural Environment Research Council, NordForsk, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme

Solar Breakthrough: Scientists Redefine the Sun’s Elemental Blueprint

New findings reveal a solar composition richer in carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen than previously thought, potentially transforming theories about the solar system’s formation and guiding future astronomical missions.
Solar and cosmochemical data indicate high levels of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in the Sun.
Researchers have unveiled a new solar composition that integrates recent data from Kuiper Belt objects, asteroids, comets, and solar measurements. This groundbreaking analysis, which connects spectroscopic data with helioseismology findings, suggests higher levels of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in the sun than previously estimated.
A team led by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) scientists has combined compositional data from primitive bodies such as Kuiper Belt objects, asteroids, and comets with new solar data to develop a revised solar composition. This updated model could, for the first time, reconcile two crucial methods of studying the Sun: spectroscopy and helioseismology. While helioseismology analyzes the Sun’s internal waves to probe its interior, spectroscopy examines the Sun’s surface, identifying elements through their unique spectral signatures.
Research Findings and Methodology
The study, published in the AAS Astrophysical Journal, tackles the long-standing issue known as the “solar abundances” problem.
“This is the first time this kind of interdisciplinary analysis has been done, and our broad data set suggests more abundant levels of solar carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen than previously thought,” explained Dr. Ngoc Truong, an SwRI postdoctoral researcher. “Solar system formation models using the new solar composition successfully reproduce the compositions of large Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) and carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, in light of the newly returned Ryugu and Bennu asteroid samples from JAXA’s Hayabusa-2 and NASA’s OSIRIS-REx missions.”
Data Sources and Predictive Value
To make this discovery, the team combined new measurements of solar neutrinos and data about the solar wind composition from NASA’s Genesis mission, together with the abundance of water found in primitive meteorites that originated in the outer solar system. They also used the densities of large KBOs such as Pluto and its moon Charon, as determined by NASA’s New Horizons mission.
“This work provides testable predictions for future helioseismology, solar neutrino, and cosmochemical measurements, including future comet sample return missions,” Truong said. “The solar composition is used to calibrate other stars and understand the composition and formation of solar system objects. These breakthroughs will enhance our understanding of the primordial solar nebula’s chemistry and the formation of numerous solar system bodies.”
Implications for Solar System Formation
The team examined the role of refractory, tar-like organic compounds as a major carrier of carbon in the protosolar nebula. Solar system formation models using measurements of organics from comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and the most widely adopted solar composition ratios did not produce the dense, rocky Pluto-Charon system.
“With this research, we think we finally understand the mix of chemical elements that made the solar system,” said SwRI’s Dr. Christopher Glein, an expert in planetary geochemistry. “It has more carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen than what is currently assumed. This new knowledge gives us a firmer basis for understanding what element abundances in giant planet atmospheres can tell us about the formation of planets. We already have our eyes on Uranus — NASA’s next target destination — and beyond.”
Extended Research Impact and Future Directions
In the search for habitable exoplanets, scientists measure the abundances of elements in stars spectroscopically to infer what a star’s orbiting planets are made of, using the stellar composition as a proxy for its planets.
“Our findings will significantly affect our understanding of the formation and evolution of other stars and planetary systems, and even further, they enable a broader perspective of galactic chemical evolution,” said Truong.
Reference: “A Broad Set of Solar and Cosmochemical Data Indicates High C-N-O Abundances for the Solar System” by Ngoc Truong, Christopher R. Glein and Jonathan I. Lunine, 12 November 2024, The Astrophysical Journal.DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad7a65
A Cornell University-affiliated scientist contributed to the research, which was supported by SwRI’s Internal Research and Development program and the Heising-Simons Foundation.

Scientists Discover Two New Cave-Dwelling Snail Species Named After “The Lord of the Rings” Characters

Idiopyrgus meriadoci (left) and Idiopyrgus eowynae (right). Credit: Snails: Salvador RB and Bichuette ME. Background: Envanto
New snail species named after “The Lord of the Rings” characters have been found in Brazil. These troglobitic snails, adapted to cave environments, face threats from environmental degradation.
Scientists have named two newly discovered freshwater snail species from Brazil after characters from The Lord of the Rings.
The species, described in the open-access journal Zoosystematics and Evolution, were named Idiopyrgus eowynae and Idiopyrgus meriadoci in honor of Éowyn and Meriadoc Brandybuck from J.R.R. Tolkien’s iconic series.
Idiopyrgus eowynae sp. nov. A, B. Holotype LES 29795;. C. Paratype (typical morph) #1 LES 29796; D. Paratype (typical morph) #2 LES 29796; E, F. Paratype (dark morph) LES 29797; G. Paratype (typical morph) #3 LES 29796, juvenile, showing the protoconch in greater detail as well as the sculpture of the first teleoconch whorls; H. Detail of the body whorl of holotype in dorsal view, showing the teleoconch sculpture, in particular the multitude of spiral lines; I. Paratype #3 in apical view, showing the protoconch. Credit: Salvador RB and Bichuette ME
In their research paper, the authors explain the name Idiopyrgus eowynae, stating, “Éowyn exemplifies courage, resilience, and resistance against darkness, both internal and external, standing against Gríma Wormtongue and the Witch-king of Angmar.”
As for Idiopyrgus meriadoci, they write, “Besides standing with Éowyn against the Witch-king in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, Merry is also an example of the fight for nature conservation in Middle-earth, pushing the Ents into action and ultimately ending Saruman’s threat to Fangorn Forest.”
Idiopyrgus meriadoci sp. nov. A, B. Holotype LES 29798; C. Paratype #1 LES 29820; D. Paratype #2 LES 29820; E. Detail of the spire of the holotype in apertural view, showing the teleoconch sculpture in the early whorls; F. Detail of the body whorl of holotype in apertural view, showing the teleoconch sculpture; F. Detail of the protoconch of the holotype. Credit: Salvador RB and Bichuette ME
Habitat and Unique Characteristics of the Newly Discovered Species
The discovered species are troglobitic and were found in a single limestone cave in the Serra do Ramalho karst area of Bahia state, northeastern Brazil. The gastropods belong to the family Tomichiidae, a group previously known for inhabiting surface freshwater environments but now shown to have adapted to subterranean ecosystems.
Both snails have unique periostracal hairs—thorn-like structures—on their shells, a feature uncommon among Brazilian freshwater snails. Their cave-specific adaptations include reduced pigmentation, fragile shells, and small size.
Gruna do Pedro Cassiano (“Pedro Cassiano cave”), Serra do Ramalho karst area, Carinhanha municipality, Bahia state, Brazil; A. Cave surroundings showing the limestone outcrops and the dried vegetation, sparse and altered by human impacts; B. Cave entrance.; C. Cave gallery showing the small subterranean drainage; D. Detail of the drainage with the apparatus of water extraction; E. Submerged roots, microhabitat of Idiopyrgus spp.; F. Detail of the microhabitat of Idiopyrgus spp., showing thinner roots; G. Xangoniscus aff. aganju, an amphibious troglobitic isopod that co-exists with Idiopyrgus spp.; H. Trichomycterus rubbioli, a cave catfish that co-exists with Idiopyrgus spp. Credit: Salvador RB and Bichuette ME
Conservation Challenges and Cultural Influence in Taxonomy
The Gruna do Pedro Cassiano cave, where the snails were discovered, is a fragile ecosystem threatened by water extraction, deforestation, and climate change. Due to the species’ limited habitat and environmental threats to their subterranean ecosystem, the authors recommend their classification as vulnerable. The findings highlight the importance of protecting Brazil’s subterranean biodiversity and raise concerns about the impact of human activities on these delicate ecosystems.
On his choice of Tolkien-inspired names for the new species, lead author Dr. Rodrigo B. Salvador of the Finnish Museum of Natural History said, “I tend to use lots of pop culture references in my species names—from books, comics, Dungeons & Dragons, and video games. If we think about it, there is a long-standing tradition in taxonomy of using names from mythology and literature to name species.
Distribution map of Idiopyrgus spp. (and Spiripockia punctata) in caves of the state of Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil. Credit: Salvador RB and Bichuette ME
“Granted, in the old days, those names mostly came from Greek and Roman myths and Shakespeare. Today, we have newer mythologies and literature classics, so in a way, we’re just continuing that tradition.”
Reference: “Idiopyrgus Pilsbry, 1911 (Gastropoda, Tomichiidae): a relict genus radiating into subterranean environments” by Rodrigo Brincalepe Salvador and Maria Elina Bichuette, 8 November 2024, Zoosystematics and Evolution.DOI: 10.3897/zse.100.136428