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Cockroaches are usually treated as simple creatures that react without pause, driven by instinct rather than experience. New laboratory work from Scotland suggests the picture is less fixed. Researchers found that male cockroaches altered their behaviour after exposure to stress, becoming more cautious when faced with uncertain signals. The study focused on how insects respond when cues are unclear rather than clearly good or bad. Under controlled conditions, cockroaches exposed to bright light were less likely to react to mixed scent signals than those kept in shelter. The difference was steady and measurable. While the work does not claim insects feel emotions in a human sense, it adds to evidence that recent experience can shape how they make choices, even in small, fast-moving animals often assumed to act on reflex alone.
Scientists find stress changes how cockroaches make decisions
The experiments took place at the University of Aberdeen, where researchers worked with male Blaptica dubia cockroaches one at a time. Each insect was gently restrained so its head and antennae could move freely. Over repeated trials, the cockroaches learnt to associate one smell with sugary water and another with a salty solution. Sugar triggered a mouthpart movement known as the maxilla labia response. Salt water at that concentration suppressed the same response. Over time, the insects showed clear differences between the two scents, responding reliably to the sugar-linked odour and withholding the salty one.
Ambiguous odours exposed expectation bias
After training, the team introduced blends of the two smells. These mixtures were not clearly linked to reward or punishment. They sat in between. This approach comes from a method known as judgement bias, used to test how animals react under uncertainty. If an animal expects a positive outcome, it may respond even when the signal is unclear. If it expects something negative, it may hold back. Because the cockroaches had already learnt the extremes, their reactions to the blends offered a glimpse into how their expectations shifted.
Bright light exposure reduced overall responsiveness
To test stress, half of the cockroaches were exposed to bright light before the scent tests. Light is generally aversive for cockroaches and raises arousal levels linked to stress. The other half remained under shelter. When faced with the mixed odours, the lightlyexposed group responded far less often. Across the range of blends, their reaction rate dropped to around 40% compared with unstressed insects. The effect was not tied to one specific mixture. It appeared across all ambiguous signals, suggesting a general shift toward caution rather than confusion.
Positive chemical cues produced weaker changes
The research called “Pessimistic and optimistic cognitive biases in cockroaches” also tested a possible positive condition. Some males were placed on cardboard carrying female scents before the same odour tests. Chemical cues linked to mating can activate approach behaviours in cockroaches. In this case, insects exposed to a female scent tended to respond more often to ambiguous odours. The effect was present but weaker and did not reach strong statistical certainty. That difference mattered to the team, who noted that negative stress effects were clearer and more reliable than the positive shift.
Reflex-based measures limited behavioural range
Each test relied on a simple yes or no signal. The maxilla labia response happens quickly and is easy to score, which gives the method strong control. At the same time, it limits what can be seen. The cockroaches could not walk away, hide, or hesitate in more subtle ways. Only the mouthpart movement counted. That choice reduces noise in the data, but it also strips away behaviours that matter in real settings. The researchers acknowledge that freer movement tests may reveal different patterns.
Cockroach studies are feeding wider welfare debates
Interest in insect welfare has grown recently, especially after formal recognition of sentience in some invertebrates such as octopuses and crabs in the UK. These protections do not extend to cockroaches. Studies like this complicate the assumption that insects are unaffected by experience. The findings suggest that recent stress can bias decision-making in predictable ways. That does not prove suffering, but it challenges the idea of purely mechanical behaviour. As more evidence accumulates, questions around pest control, insect farming, and laboratory handling may come under closer scrutiny. The shift may be slow, but it is no longer based on guesswork alone.
