Scientists have long theorised that the keto diet could potentially soothe an overactive immune system and aid individuals with conditions such as multiple sclerosis.
Now, they have grounds to think this could be a reality. Researchers at UC San Francisco have found that the diet prompts the gut and its microbes to generate two factors that eased symptoms of MS in mice.
If these findings are applicable to humans, it suggests a novel method of treating MS and other autoimmune diseases with supplements.
The keto diet severely restricts carbohydrate-rich foods like bread, pasta, fruit and sugar, but allows unlimited fat consumption.
Without carbohydrates to use as fuel, the body breaks down fat instead, producing compounds called ketone bodies. Ketone bodies provide energy for cells to burn and can also change the immune system.
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Working with a mouse model of MS, the researchers found that mice who produced more of a particular ketone body, called β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), had less severe disease.
The additional βHB also prompted the gut bacterium Lactobacillus murinus to produce a metabolite called indole lactic acid (ILA). This blocked the activation of T helper 17 immune cells, which are involved in MS and other autoimmune disorders.
“What was really exciting was finding that we could protect these mice from inflammatory disease just by putting them on a diet that we supplemented with these compounds,” said Peter Turnbaugh, PhD, of the Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine.
Earlier, Turnbaugh had shown that when secreted by the gut, βHB counteracts immune activation. This prompted a postdoctoral scholar who was then working in his lab, Margaret Alexander, PhD, to see if the compound could ease the symptoms of MS in mice.
In the new study, which appears Nov. 4 in Cell Reports , the team looked at how the ketone body-rich diet affected mice that were unable to produce βHB in their intestines, and found that their inflammation was more severe.
But when the researchers supplemented their diets with βHB, the mice got better.
To find out how βHB affects the gut microbiome, the team isolated bacteria from the guts of three groups of mice that were fed either the keto diet, a high-fat diet, or the βHB supplemented high-fat diet.
Then, they screened the metabolic products of each group’s distinct microbes in an immune assay and determined that the positive effects of the diet were coming from a member of the Lactobacillus genus: L. murinus .
Two other techniques, genome sequencing and mass spectrometry, confirmed that the L. murinus they found produced indole lactic acid, which is known to affect the immune system.
Finally, the researchers treated the MS mice with either ILA or L. murinus, and their symptoms improved.
Turnbaugh cautioned that the supplement approach still needs to be tested in people with autoimmune disorders.
“The big question now is how much of this will translate into actual patients,” he said. “But I think these results provide hope for the development of a more tolerable alternative to helping those people than asking them stick to a challenging restrictive diet.”
Common autoimmune diseases include:
- Rheumatoid arthritis: A type of arthritis that affects joints
- Psoriasis: A condition that causes scaly patches of skin
- Lupus: A disease that affects the skin, joints, and organs
- Thyroid diseases: Which causes the body to produce too much thyroid hormone, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, which causes the body to produce too little
- Type 1 diabetes: A condition that damages the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin
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