7 best folk horror films to stream this Halloween

There’s something uniquely unsettling about folk horror. While modern scary movies might make you jump with sudden scares and gore, these ancient tales tap into something deeper — primal fears that have been keeping humans awake at night for centuries. They’re the stories your ancestors whispered around fires, warning of what lurks in deep woods, remote villages, and forgotten traditions.Trick or StreamWelcome! This article is part of Trick or Stream, a seasonal series in which members of the Tom’s Guide staff share what they’re planning to watch for Halloween 2024 and their takes on the horror genre, with the goal of helping you find great movies that you might want to stream during spooky season.What makes these films so compelling is how they remind us that beneath our modern lives, old fears still linger. Whether set in colonial America, isolated Scandinavian communes, or rural British villages, folk horror shows us that some traditions never truly died out. These aren’t just ghost stories — they’re glimpses into beliefs that shaped entire cultures, reimagined for modern audiences.We’ve gathered seven films that bring these ancient terrors to vivid, haunting life. Each one proves that sometimes the oldest stories are the scariest — not because of what they show us, but because of what they remind us about ourselves. Ready to discover what our ancestors were so afraid of?’Sleepy Hollow’

Sleepy Hollow (1999) Trailer #1 | Movieclips Classic Trailers – YouTube

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Take one classic American ghost story, add Tim Burton’s gothic flair, and throw in a heavy dash of Hammer Horror influence — that’s the deliciously dark cocktail that is 1999’s “Sleepy Hollow.” It’s a gorgeously grim murder mystery that’ll have you sleeping with the lights on. Johnny Depp brings a wonderfully weird energy to Ichabod Crane, reimagined here as a squeamish police constable who’s all about science and reason … until he isn’t.Sent to investigate a series of mysterious beheadings in the isolated village of Sleepy Hollow, he finds himself tangled up with Christina Ricci’s enigmatic Katrina Van Tassel and her family’s dark secrets. Burton turns Washington Irving’s simple ghost story into a twisted tale of witchcraft, revenge, and the battle between superstition and science — all wrapped up in the most beautifully atmospheric package you could ask for.🎃 Stream it now on Paramount Plus’Midsommar’

MIDSOMMAR | Official Trailer HD | A24 – YouTube

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Ari Aster flips horror conventions on their head by setting his folk horror nightmare in the endless sunlight of Swedish summer. This 2019 film proves that sometimes the scariest things happen in broad daylight, especially when ancient pagan rituals are involved. It’s a break-up movie dressed in flower crowns and white linen, with a hefty dose of hallucinogens thrown in for good measure.Here at Tom’s Guide our expert editors are committed to bringing you the best news, reviews and guides to help you stay informed and ahead of the curve!Florence Pugh delivers a stunning performance as Dani, a grief-stricken student who joins her increasingly distant boyfriend and his friends on a trip to a remote Swedish commune’s midsummer festival. What begins as an anthropological study of traditional celebrations slowly reveals itself to be something far more sinister. The film’s bright, beautiful aesthetic makes its dark turns all the more disturbing.🎃 Stream it now on Max’The Wicker Man’

THE WICKER MAN – Official Trailer – Starring Christopher Lee – YouTube

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The 1973 original (not the Nicolas Cage remake) remains the gold standard of folk horror. This British classic follows a deeply religious police sergeant investigating the disappearance of a young girl on a remote Scottish island. What he finds is a community that’s abandoned Christianity for something much older and darker.Edward Woodward’s uptight Sergeant Howie provides the perfect foil to Christopher Lee’s charming but sinister Lord Summerisle. As Howie delves deeper into the island’s pagan practices, the film builds to one of cinema’s most memorable and shocking conclusions. It’s a masterclass in creating tension through the clash of beliefs rather than supernatural scares.🎃 Stream it now on Prime Video’The Witch’

The Witch | Official Trailer HD | A24 – YouTube

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If you think you know folk horror, Robert Eggers’ bone-chilling 2015 debut will make you think again. This isn’t your typical woods-and-witches tale — it’s a masterclass in slow-burning dread that transports you to 1630s New England with such authenticity you can practically smell the wood smoke. Eggers dug deep into colonial archives and witch trial documents to create something that feels less like watching a movie and more like peering through a cursed window into America’s darkest past.At its core, this is a family drama gone terribly wrong. When a Puritan family (played with haunting intensity by Ralph Ineson and Kate Dickie) gets kicked out of their settlement, they set up home at the edge of a seriously creepy forest. What follows is a spiral into paranoia, religious hysteria, and genuine supernatural terror, anchored by Anya Taylor-Joy’s star-making performance as Thomasin, their teenage daughter who may or may not be as innocent as she seems. Trust me — you’ll never look at a goat the same way again.🎃 Stream it now on Prime Video’The Company of Wolves’

The Company of Wolves (1984) – Official Trailer – YouTube

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Neil Jordan’s dreamlike 1984 adaptation of Angela Carter’s work isn’t the Red Riding Hood from your childhood. This surreal, gothic take on werewolf folklore weaves together multiple stories within stories, creating a haunting meditation on coming of age and feminine power. The film’s practical effects and stunning practical transformations have aged like fine wine, proving that sometimes old-school movie magic hits harder than CGI.Sarah Patterson stars as Rosaleen, a modern teenager dreaming of life in a fairy-tale village, where her grandmother (Angela Lansbury) warns her about men whose eyebrows meet and wolves that walk as men. As the stories unfold, the line between dream and reality blurs, creating a fascinating exploration of how fairy tales shape our understanding of desire and danger.🎃 Stream it now on Prime Video’The Ritual’

The Ritual | Official Trailer [HD] | Netflix – YouTube

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Based on Adam Nevill’s novel, this 2017 Netflix film proves there’s still plenty of terror to be found in ancient Norse mythology. Four friends hiking through Sweden’s wilderness to honor their dead companion find themselves confronting something that’s been haunting these woods for centuries.What starts as a familiar lost-in-the-woods story evolves into something far more interesting, touching on themes of guilt, grief, and toxic masculinity. The film’s monster, when finally revealed, is one of modern horror’s most unique and terrifying creations, drawn from genuine Norse folklore rather than familiar horror tropes.🎃 Stream it now on Netflix’Lamb’

Lamb | Official Trailer HD | A24 – YouTube

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A24’s “Lamb” is a haunting dive into Icelandic folklore, blending pastoral beauty with an unsettling narrative. It’s a slow-burning story about a childless farming couple who discover something extraordinary in their sheep barn — part lamb, part human. What follows is a strange and touching exploration of parenthood, nature, and the price of defying the natural order.Noomi Rapace gives a beautifully nuanced performance as Maria, whose maternal instincts override any concerns about the unusual nature of her new child. The film’s stunning Icelandic landscapes and matter-of-fact approach to its supernatural elements create an atmosphere where the extraordinary feels completely plausible, right until the moment it doesn’t.🎃 Stream it now on Prime VideoMore from Tom’s Guide

1989-2024: A timeline of the top Central Mass. business stories for the last 35 years

How do you whittle 35 years of headlining business news down to a couple thousand words and a few pages? You don’t. But here, we take our best shot to highlight the companies, individuals, and moments that left a lasting impression.

1989

An AViiON truck

• Data General’s clarion call – While IBM’s dominance in the personal computer space decimated Data General’s foundational minicomputer business, the Westborough-based firm put a sharper focus on its server and processor business and spawned the AViiON series of scalable Unix systems. AViiON would lead to CLARiiON, a more successful, network-based system that kept the company afloat into the 1990s.

1990

• Norton Co. takeover, part 1 – More than 5 million shares of Norton stock were traded on the New York Stock Exchange on March 16 as British conglomerate BTR attempted a $1.64 billion hostile takeover of the Worcester-based industrial powerhouse.

• Federal Square – At the April groundbreaking for developer James Soffan’s long-planned 24-story apartment complex (SkyMark Tower), U.S. Rep. Joseph D. Early (D-Worcester) announced plans for a $25 million to 30 million renovation of the nearby Federal Building.

• Norton Co. takeover, part 2 – Norton announced a merger on April 25 – with French manufacturer Saint Gobain. At $90 per share, the deal was valued at about $1.8 billion. A week earlier, Gov. Michael Dukakis had signed a law rushed through the Legislature meant to thwart the BTR takeover.

1991

• Biotech buildup – Germany-based BASF AG began construction on its 250,000-square-foot, $100-million research and manufacturing facility at Worcester’s Biotech Park. BASF announced it would initially employ 250 scientists and staff. Abbott Laboratories would acquire BASF’s pharmaceutical business, including its Worcester headquarters, in 2001 for $6.9 billion.

• WBJ Milestone: The Fact Book debuts

1992

• Developer’s World – Homart Development Corp. of Chicago bought the Natick Mall and Framingham’s Shoppers World with plans for major redevelopments at both shopping centers. Natick Mall reopened in 1994 after a $250 million update and Shoppers World followed in ‘95. Three years later, Homart’s parent company, Sears, sold both locations to General Growth Properties.

• March Madness – Still known as the Centrum, Worcester’s downtown arena hosted the first and second rounds of the NCAA men’s basketball East regional, including a 77-71 University of Massachusetts upset of Syracuse, a seminal victory for the John Calipari-era Minutemen. The city won big, too: Officials estimated the six games made an economic impact of $3 million.

1993

• Wyman-Gordon’s headlining act – It was a busy year for the Grafton-based aerospace manufacturer. Three straight quarters of losses. Layoffs. Pollution accusations. A $600,000 safety-standard fine. And the big news? Wyman-Gordon acquired its largest competitor, Cameron Forged Products.

David “Duddie” Massad

• Duddie’s big deal – In the wake of $3 million in losses over the last three years, Worcester rich guy Barry Krock decided to sell Commerce Bank & Trust Co. Fellow Worcester rich guy, auto dealer David “Duddie” Massad, bought nearly all shares of the company in November, with plans to expand the bank’s asset base to $1 billion.

1994

• Back on track – For the first time in nearly two decades, commuter rail service between Worcester and Boston was restored in September. The Worcester Redevelopment Authority had announced plans to purchase the dilapidated Union Station from the city for $50,000 and begin $33 million in renovations.

1995

• The Price is right – Price Chopper, a New York-based supermarket chain, shifts its New England expansion into high gear by purchasing the Wonder Market Companies’ 12 Big D stores in the Worcester area. Price Chopper now operates 129 stores in New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Vermont, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.

1996

• Devens discharged – Amid federal cutbacks the U.S. Army closed Fort Devens in April after 79 years of service, beginning its transition to an economic development zone then known as the Devens Commerce Center. MassDevelopment bought most of the land for $17 million. The Army would retain a presence there with the Federal Medical Center and Army Reserve training center.

• Crowley dies – The patriarch of the family that owns Polar Beverages and Wachusett Mountain Ski Area, Ralph D. Crowley Sr., 71, died in December. Crowley, whose children elevated the Polar business to incredible heights, was chairman when he died and had marshaled the development of the Princeton mountain into the popular attraction it is today.

• WBJ Milestone: The Book of Lists debuts

1997

• Power move – Championed by Westborough-based New England Electric Systems, deregulation of the electric utility industry became state law in November. The legislation required a 10 percent decrease in rates in 1998 for customers remaining with their current provider; and another 5 percent decrease by 1999 after utilities met certain financial conditions.

• Healthcare hustle – The state Legislature passed a bill in November allowing for the incorporation of UMass Memorial Healthcare, which paved the way for the 1998 merger of Memorial Hospital and University of Massachusetts Medical Center, creating a healthcare system with 700 beds, 7,500 employees, and about $700 million in annual revenue. By year’s end UMass would buy HealthAlliance hospitals in Leominster and Fitchburg.

1998

• Digital downer – Digital Equipment Corp., long a global powerhouse in networks, software and computer services, was sold to Compaq Computer for $9.6 billion. Based in Maynard until 1993, Digital generated annual revenues of more than $14 billion and employed some 130,000 at its peak. Compaq struggled despite the merger and was eventually acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 2002.

• Exit strategy – The first phase of an ambitious traffic redesign that would impact several Central Mass. communities was completed when the $33 million interchange at Route 146 and the Mass. Pike, then-Exit 10A, opened in Millbury. The project began in 1995, involved 10 phases including extending Route 146 to Interstate 290, and was estimated to cost nearly $300 million.

1999

• Times, they are a-buyin’ – The New York Times Co. added to its New England portfolio in October with a $295 million purchase of Worcester’s Telegram & Gazette. Six years after buying The Boston Globe, the Times bested seven other suitors for the daily newspaper, which had been under the umbrella of San Francisco’s Chronicle Publishing Co. since 1986.

• Bank business – Fleet Financial Group merged with BankBoston in a $15 billion deal that created the eighth-largest bank in the United States with $180 billion in assets. To allay concerns of a banking monopoly, some 275 Fleet and BankBoston locations across New England would be placed in the hands of local banks.

2000

• You can always go downtown – After years of legal and political wrangling and the threat of a nurses’ strike, Saint Vincent Hospital, once a 12-bed facility overlooking the city from Vernon Hill, moved into the $215 million, 771,000-square-foot Worcester Medical Center.

• WBJ Milestone: 40 Under Forty debuts

2001

• The aftermath of Sept. 11 – While the terrorist attacks in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania left an indelible mark on American businesses of all kinds, the reverberations were felt acutely in the airways. Worcester Regional Airport incurred about $450,000 in operating losses; was forced to cut jobs and expenses; and lost a key Delta connection to Atlanta.

• The real impact of Sept. 11 – Several area companies lost employees on hijacked planes that day, including Lisa Raines of Genzyme, a senior vice president on American Airlines Flight 77 which crashed into the Pentagon. TJX Cos. lost seven employees on American Airlines Flight 11, the first to crash when it flew into the World Trade Center’s North Tower: Neilie Casey; Tara Creamer; Robin Kaplan; Christine Barbuto; Linda George; and Lisa Fenn Gordenstein; the seventh name was not released.

2002

• Spag’s? Sold! – About six years after the death of Anthony “Spag”

Anthony “Spag” Borgatti and his daughters

Borgatti, his daughters sold the iconic Shrewsbury discount retail destination to Building 19, which renamed the store Spag’s 19. It would become Building 19 in 2004 before closing for good in 2013. Opened as Shrewsbury Battery & Tire Service in 1934, the store didn’t accept credit cards until 1992, offer plastic shopping bags until 1996 – “No bags at Spag’s” – or shopping carts until 1998.

• Abbott ascends with approval – On New Year’s Eve day, the Food and Drug Administration announced it had approved Abbott Laboratories’ new rheumatoid arthritis drug Humira, which was developed and manufactured at the Abbott Bioresearch Center in Worcester. Now owned by Abbott spinoff AbbVie, Humira has long been among the top-selling drugs in the world.

2003

• Chamber changes – The Corridor Nine Area Chamber of Commerce dissolved its 24-year affiliation with the Worcester Regional chamber. The Westborough-based group chose to align with the 495/MetroWest Corridor Partnership, affording area business leaders “a larger voice in a region that has more common goals,” according to Corridor Nine President Nancy Carlson.

Frederick Eppinger

• Boss, a supernova – In an enormously consequential development for not only the company but the city of Worcester, Allmerica Property & Casualty hired Frederick H. Eppinger away from The Hartford, naming him president, CEO and director in September. As recently as the third quarter of 2001, Allmerica had reported a pre-tax operating loss of $534.5 million.

2004

• Tenet sells Saint Vincent Hospital – It might be easy to forget that Tenet Healthcare Corp. wasn’t always the owner of Saint Vincent Hospital. In October, Vanguard Healthcare Systems agreed to buy St. V’s and the Framingham and Natick campuses of MetroWest Medical Center for $126.7 million from the flagging Tenet, which was embroiled in a Medicare billing scandal. Tenet emerged from financial difficulties and acquired Vanguard in 2013 for $4.3 billion.

• Going-out-of-business sale – A decade after the Worcester Center Galleria was relaunched as the Worcester Common (Fashion) Outlets, the sprawling 32-year-old downtown mall was sold for about $30.4 million. Under pressure from then-Mayor Timothy P. Murray Cigna Investments sold the near-empty retail space and parking garage to Berkeley Investments.

2005

• Tornadoes whip up winning debut – After 71 years without a minor league baseball team, Worcester hosted a championship celebration on Sept. 15, when the Worcester Tornadoes topped the Quebec Capitales to win the Can-Am League championship in their inaugural season. The Tornadoes folded due to financial difficulties in 2012.

2006

• Bristol-Myers holds down the (former) fort – In the wake of Procter & Gamble downsizing its Devens presence, Bristol-Myers Squibb announced plans in June to build a $1.1 billion manufacturing facility at the former Army base. The 750,000-square-foot facility would sit on 80 acres and house 550 new employees.

• Sharks, thanks – About a year after the NHL’s St. Louis Blues announced they would be selling their AHL affiliate Worcester IceCats, the San Jose Sharks announced in January that they would relocate their AHL affiliate to Worcester to begin play at the DCU Center for the 2006-07 season. The Sharks stayed through the 2014 season.

• Honest to Goodness, it’s a merger – The holding companies of Hudson Savings Bank and Westborough Bank agreed to a merger in November that would create a nine-office regional bank with $995 million in assets. The new entity would be rebranded Avidia Bank.

2007

• Commerce Insurance cashes in – Webster-based Commerce Group, formerly Commerce Insurance Company, agreed to be acquired by Spain’s largest insurer, MAPFRE S.A., in a $2.21 billion cash deal. Commerce was renamed MAPFRE USA in 2010.

Gateway Park at Worcester Polytechnic Institute

• Gateway to the future – Worcester Polytechnic Institute opened its Life Sciences and Bioengineering Center at the burgeoning 11-acre Gateway Park, a joint venture between WPI, the city and Worcester Business Development Corp.

2008

• Morgan no more – Long one of Worcester’s most prominent and profitable family-owned businesses, Morgan Construction was acquired in April by Austria-based Siemens subsidiary Siemens VAI Metal Technologies. The global leader in rolling mill technology had been owned by five generations of the Morgan family and had 1,100 employees worldwide, including 460 in Worcester.

• Genzyme expands in Framingham – Biotech and pharmaceutical giant Genzyme Corp. opened its $125 million Framingham Science Center in September, adding 350 employees to its 20-year-old MetroWest campus. The new headcount of about 2,000 made the facility Genzyme’s largest in the world. The newly enacted $1 billion Massachusetts Life Sciences Act awarded Framingham its first grant of $5.2 million to facilitate construction.

2009

• Networking event – With the proliferation of social media, area chambers of commerce and business groups organized copious social networking seminars to educate corporate leaders – though the Dec. 21, 2009, edition of WBJ said, “the jury’s still out on how widely accepted [these services] are becoming,” noting that EMC’s 3,000 Twitter followers were the most of any company in the region. Dell, with which EMC merged in 2016, has more than 820,000 followers on X in 2024.

• WBJ Milestone: Outstanding Women in Business awards debut

2010

• Massport takes a flyer on ORH – The Massachusetts Port Authority bought Worcester Regional Airport from the city in June for $15 million. Then-Lieutenant Governor Tim Murray said the state was taking an “integrated” approach to transportation. The maligned airport in recent years had been running an annual deficit of about $3 million.

• Big Tech comes to Littleton – IBM opened its largest U.S. software development lab in the North County enclave. The IBM Mass Lab, including sites in Westford, employed about 3,400 top software designers. IBM announced in 2021 that it would be closing the Littleton facility to consolidate operations in Lowell.

2011

• Corporate espionage knocks wind out of AMSC – The writing on the wall began in the spring, when Devens-based American Superconductor announced revised, and much lower, revenue figures in the wake of an earlier announcement that a Chinese customer had begun refusing wind turbine shipments. By September company founder Gregory J. Yurek retired and $186.3 million in losses were reported. Then things got worse.

For a reported $20,500 bribe, an employee of AMSC’s Austria-based subsidiary Windtec sold turbine control software to Sinovel, the Chinese customer that had contracted with AMSC for $800 million in products and services. According to evidence presented by the Department of Justice at Sinovel’s 2018 fraud trial, AMSC lost more than $1 billion in shareholder equity and almost 700 jobs. The company also lost 84 percent of its market cap for fiscal 2011.

Sinovel was found guilty in January 2018 of stealing trade secrets and wire fraud. It was sentenced in July to a $1.5 million fine and paid more than $58 million in restitution to AMSC and other victims. While AMSC never fully recovered, it reported $146 million in revenue for fiscal 2023.

2012

• TJX makes Marlborough home – TJX Cos. agreed to buy the former Fidelity Investments campus in March after Fidelity began phasing out its operation in early 2011, moving out some 1,100 employees. TJX planned to bring 1,600 employees to Marlborough. Later in the year, TJX bought its Framingham HQ for $117 million and secured tax breaks to expand both sites.

• Commerce Bank expands – In an effort to compete with larger banks, Worcester’s Commerce Bank & Trust bought Boston-based Mercantile Capital Corp. and its subsidiary Mercantile Bank & Trust Co. in March for $26,5 million.

2013

• Jabil acquires Nypro for $665M – Founded in 1955 in a converted Clinton mill, Gordon Lankton’s Nypro Inc. was acquired in July by Jabil Circuit Inc. Later in the year, the company announced the addition of about 100 jobs and an expansion to a new facility at Devens, which opened in late 2014. Jabil Healthcare consolidated Nypro in early 2020 and as of 2023 reported $34.7 billion in annual revenue.

• Central Mass. casino hopes go bust – Milford voters overwhelmingly defeated a proposal by the owners of Foxwoods Resort & Casino to develop a 200,000-square-foot casino and 500-room hotel at the November ballot box. Three months later, the state gaming commission chose Plainville over Leominster and Raynham as the final sites allowed under the state’s 2011 gaming law.

2014

• UMass Memorial loses millions, slashes jobs – The region’s largest employer and leading healthcare provider, UMass Memorial Health Care, finished its 2013 fiscal year with a $55-million operating loss. The April elimination of 103 full-time equivalent positions came on the heels of 285 job cuts from October 2013 through February.

• Cytiva moves HQ to Marlborough – Then known as GE HealthCare Life Sciences, a global leader in biopharmaceutical and life sciences technologies, Cytiva announced in August it would relocate its base of operations from New Jersey, bringing with it 500 “highly skilled” jobs, including more than 200 new positions. The 210,000-square-foot facility opened in June 2016. Cytiva was rebranded in April 2020 after Danaher Corp acquired GE for $21.4 billion.

2015

Photo | Courtesy Boston Scientific
Boston Scientific headquarters in Marlborough

• Boston Scientific stays busy – The Marlborough-based life sciences giant agreed in March to settle a lawsuit with jilted rival Johnson & Johnson for $600 million in the wake of Boston Scientific’s acquisition of Guidant Corp. nine years earlier. Johnson & Johnson alleged Guidant broke a merger deal with them and had sought $7.2 billion in damages. BSX bought Guidant in 2006 for $27.2 billion.

Later that month – riding high from a surge in its stock price – Boston Scientific made its largest acquisition since … 2006 when it purchased Guidant. In a $1.6 billion cash deal BSX bought the urology division of American Medical Systems.

2016

• SWIP sells out – After more than two decades of fits and starts, South Worcester Industrial Park sold its final parcel to Chacharone Properties for $65,000. Chacharone, which planned a 7,500-square-foot manufacturing facility at 26 Southgate St., already had skin in the game after agreeing to develop a 50,000-square-foot facility for Table Talk Pies.

• Banking on synergy – Marlborough Savings Bank and North Middlesex Savings Bank agreed to a merger creating a mutual bank with nearly $1 billion in assets and 14 regional branches. The banks were rebranded Main Street Bank in February and the merger was finalized in April.

• WBJ Milestone: Print edition redesign featuring current WBJ flag

2017

• Groundbreaking development – Insulet, an insulin pump maker, broke ground on a $100-million, 350,000-square-foot manufacturing facility and company headquarters in October in Acton. Insulet, previously based in China, purchased the 26-acre property in February for $9.25 million.

• New life for Spag’s site – Where Spag’s once stood, a new generation of shopping center, the mixed-use development, took its place. Lakeway Commons held a grand opening in October. The 375,000-square-foot development would be anchored by Whole Foods grocery store and feature a bank, a coffee shop, 250 apartments, 14 townhouses – and a memorial sculpture honoring the Spag’s legacy.

2018

• City Woos the Sox – In a seismic development for Worcester’s Canal District and downtown, city leaders joined Pawtucket Red Sox officials in August to announce the Red Sox’ top minor league affiliate would move to the long-vacant Wyman-Gordon property at Madison and Washington streets. The stadium would debut in May 2021 as Polar Park and ultimately cost $159 million, including $41 million for land-taking.

• Green banking solution – Gardner-based GFA Federal Credit Union made a name for itself in September when it became the first bank to service the state’s nascent legal marijuana industry. GFA partnered with Safe Harbor Services of Colorado, a financial services firm specializing in the cannabis business.

2019

• Living and dying – After 49 years as a quintessential grocery destination in Worcester, the venerable Living Earth Natural Market & Cafe announced it would close at year’s end. Long before it was trendy, Living Earth sold organic, locally sourced, farm-to-table products. The popular market was owned and operated by its founders Albert and Magdalena Maykel since its 1971 founding.

2020

• A pandemic positive – As COVID-19 was upending life as we know it, a slew of innovations became part of the “new normal.” Some, like telehealth, were here to stay. Reliant Medical Group had not yet begun the practice before January, but instituted virtual appointments within days. By May, UMass Memorial Medical Center had conducted up to 25,000 telehealth appointments a month.

Easy does it – Framingham office retailer Staples sold its longtime headquarters in February for $165 million to a New York firm specializing in sale-leaseback deals. LCN Capital Partners added the 907,000-square-foot building to its portfolio of more than 200 properties comprising more than 24 million square feet of space.

2021

• What’s in a name? $175M – UMass Medical School announced it had received a $175 million donation from The Morningside Foundation, whose founders, the Chan family, had launched the venture capital and private equity firm in 1986. The gift, to be paid over five years, added $35 million annually to the school’s $200 million endowment; it also changed the school’s name to UMass Chan Medical School.

• Ladies’ first – Marlborough-based St. Mary’s Credit Union named Larissa Thurston president and CEO in October to replace retiring CEO James Garvey. Thurston, formerly chief operating and financial officer, was the first woman to lead the institution since its 1913 founding.

2022

• Bold Sturbridge vision – The owner of 12 convenience stores and gas stations in Connecticut announced plans to build a $17.5 million electric vehicle discovery center and travel stop at the site of a former truck stop in Sturbridge. Michael Frisbie said the 16,000-square-foot building would include a convention center, electric vehicle showroom and driving range, charging station, and gas station.

2023

• Canna-biz! – Massachusetts adult-use marijuana gross sales passed the $5-billion milestone in August, according to the Worcester-based Cannabis Control Commission. Recreational sales had hit the $4 billion mark in January. The CCC said the eight-month period between sales benchmarks was the fastest Mass. marijuana sales had generated $1 billion.

• Diamond in the rough – Only four months before principal owner Larry Lucchino died, the Worcester Red Sox were acquired by Diamond Baseball Holdings, a subsidiary of private equity giant Silver Lake, which owns and operates 36 minor league teams. Ralph Crowley Jr. and Jim Skeffington Jr. were retained as local ownership, with DBH purchasing a majority of shares.

2024

• From Russia, with love – IPG Photonics, founded in Moscow in 1990 and now the third-largest manufacturer in Central Mass., sold its Russian subsidiary IRE-Polus In August for $51 million. The company, based in Marlborough and Oxford, referenced the impact of sanctions on trade initiated after the start of the Russian war with Ukraine, as it marked its exit from the country after 34 years.

– Compiled by Fred Hurlbrink Jr.

More diverse businesses: The complex journey toward diversifying Central Massachusetts business leadership

As the second-largest city in New England, Worcester, along with its surrounding cities and towns, is one of the most diverse regions in the state and home to thousands of businesses.

While Central Massachusetts business leaders have seen substantial diversification among small business owners in the past three decades, the same cannot be said for those among the area’s highest-paid. At the same time, the future holds promising potential as more funding, programs and initiatives aimed at bolstering owner diversity become more prevalent throughout the region.

“It’s important because it helps bring kind of economic stability and opportunity and ladders for people from different backgrounds and populations, and that makes us, you know, stronger and a more vibrant community, both in the short and long, long run,” said Timothy Murray, president and CEO of the Worcester Regional Chamber of Commerce.

Stark executive wage-gap

No female CEO has been among Central Massachusetts’ highest-paid CEOs in the last six years, per data tracked by WBJ. Since 2003, TJX Cos. executive chairman Carol Meyrowitz, former president and CEO of the Framingham behemoth, was the lone woman among the highest-earning for seven of the 11 years a woman made the list. The year with the most women ranked was 2011 when Laura Sen of Marlborough-based BJ’s Wholesale Club, Susan Vogt of SeraCare Life Sciences in Milford, and Anna Chagnon of Bitstream in Marlborough joined her on the list.

Photo I Courtesy of Worcester Regional Chamber of Commerce
Alice Lombardi, founder of Bean Counter Bakery with two locations in Worcester

This lack of female representation was very similar within the region’s highest-paid executives for the time WBJ ranked them by total compensation from 1996 through 2014. For five of those 19 years, no woman made the list, and for 10 of those years, only one woman did, being either Meyrowitz or Sen (before becoming CEOs), Marita Zuraitis of Worcester-based The Hanover Insurance Group or Christine Komola of Framingham-based Staples Inc. The most female executives to be ranked on the list were two in the years 2013, 2014, and 2015.

These trends are not far off from what is reflected nationwide, as The New York Times reports only one woman made the publication’s 2024 list of top 10 U.S. chief executives by compensation actually paid in 2023: Safra Catz, CEO of Texas-based cloud technology company Oracle.

On a more specific, industry level, Central Mass. banking and retail sectors also have room for growth in diversifying leadership, Murray said.

In 2024, only two of the 25 largest banks (ranked by local deposits as of June 30, 2023) in Central Massachusetts are led by women. Female leadership is far more prevalent at the region’s credit unions where women head eight of the top 20 largest credit unions (ranked by assets as of March 31) with three women among the top 10.

The area’s real estate industry is lacking in diversity as well, Murray said, reflecting a country-wide diversity deficit. Though 65 percent of realtors are women, according to the National Association of Realtors, the U.S. still has a long way to go in diversifying racial representation. As previously reported by WBJ, a March 2023 study conducted by Initiative for a Competitive Inner City, a nonprofit based in Roxbury, and Grove Impact, a consulting firm based in Washington, D.C., found Black developers account for 0.4 percent of the real estate development sector while Hispanic developers represented only 0.16 percent.

Highest-paid women CEOs chart

Funding, funding, funding

Within neighborhood businesses, Murray said the region has seen a dramatic increase in diversity, especially those in the retail, food, and hospitality industries, though there is still clear room for growth.

“Demographics is destiny, and Worcester historically has been an arrival place, and it’s hopefully, more often than not, a welcoming place for new arrivals [and] new immigrants from all over the globe,” said Murray, the former Worcester mayor and state lieutenant governor.

When it comes to boosting diversity among Central Mass. business owners, Murray said the Worcester Business Resource Alliance has proved particularly beneficial. The alliance, formed in 2008, provides resources, tools, and services to the area’s entrepreneurs.

Photo I Courtesy of Worcester Regional Chamber of Commerce
Briana Azier, founder of Bri’s Sweet Treats, announced earlier this year she would launch a location at the DCU Center.

In 2022, the chamber partnered with Worcester-based Latin American Business Organization, designating LABO as an affiliate partner and affording its members access to the chamber’s programs, activities and services, an initiative Murray said has also helped boost business owner diversity.

Having programs and initiatives specifically for underserved populations including consultations, workshops, and networking opportunities, are integral to promoting the success of minority business owners, said LABO President Elizabeth Cruz. And these programs must have leaders who are subject-matter experts and culturally competent, especially when translation is needed.

Cruz said she’s witnessed an increase in entrepreneurs from South and Central America, especially those from El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, and Brazil.

In fact, Unic Pro Inc., a Shrewsbury-based commercial cleaning company which was led by Brazil-born Lilian Radke from 2010 to 2023, has been one of the top minority- and woman-owned companies when ranked by number of local employees since 2017 and 2016, respectively.

According to the Massachusetts nonprofit Unidos In Power, Massachusetts has more than 30,000 Latino-owned businesses. With the right support, Cruz said even more Latino-owned businesses will flourish.

“There is no reason why these Latin businesses should not succeed,” she said.

Cruz said state funding initiatives such as the state’s Urban Agenda Grant Program, aimed at boosting community economic development, are particularly beneficial to minority-owned businesses. For LABO, the program has helped fund its workshops and trainings for minority entrepreneurs.

Tailored support

The importance of programs tailored to promote diversity in entrepreneurship is championed by Racquel Knight, the Worcester region director of the Center for Women & Enterprise.

Photo I Courtesy of Worcester Regional Chamber of Commerce
Isaiah Tatum and Noel Stemn, owners of Woo Juice, benefitted from a $2,500 grant for Black-owned businesses.

When Knight moved to Worcester 10 years ago, she said the region’s business ownership landscape was more homogenous than it is today. She’s witnessed a significant shift in demographics with more women, people of color, and immigrants stepping into entrepreneurship.

‘Now we’re experiencing more vibrant diversification of industries led by these new demographics,” said Knight.

Knight credits StartUp Worcester, a collaboration between the Worcester chamber; the Venture Forum investor collective; and WorcLab, a downtown incubator, for helping open doors for her when she was starting her nonprofit For One Child Foundation.

“It’s not a one-size-fits-all approach,” Knight said. “We need to collaborate more to ensure that the processes and structures are in place for women of color, people of color to access and benefit from these resources.

Driving economic innovation

When we have business owners who come from different backgrounds and cultures, they offer unique perspectives that drive innovation, Knight said.

“These perspectives often lead to the creation of products and services that cater to the needs of more varied customer bases, strengthening local markets, and this kind of innovation, it fuels economic growth and keeps communities competitive on a global scale,” she said.

Diversity is crucial for the economic benefits it brings and for the sense of social equity and justice it fosters within our communities, Knight said. And in the long term, continuing to promote diversity in the entrepreneurial ecosystem is going to prove essential to not only the sustainability of Central Massachusetts, but of the state as a whole.

“As we work to create a more inclusive business environment, we can strengthen the economy and ensure that everyone, regardless of background, has the opportunity to thrive,” Knight said.

Mica Kanner-Mascolo is a staff writer at Worcester Business Journal, who primarily covers the healthcare and diversity, equity, and inclusion industries.

New class lets N.S. students explore environmental science through a Mi’kmaw lens

A new environmental science course rooted in Mi’kmaw knowledge and principles is being expanded to 13 schools across Nova Scotia this year. Schools including Mi’kmaw on-reserve educational organizations as well as Acadian and English school boards are part of the second phase of the Netukulimk 12 pilot.The course gives Grade 12 students the opportunity to engage with the concept of netukulimk — a Mi’kmaw term describing sustainable use of the natural bounty provided by the Creator, while ensuring the land’s prosperity for future generations. Unama’ki Institute of Natural Resources (UINR), which represents Mi’kmaw communities in Cape Breton on natural resources issues, partnered with the Nova Scotia school board to develop the course. Rod Francis, director of the Mi’kmaq Services branch of Nova Scotia’s Department of Education and a member of the Qalipu First Nation in Newfoundland, told CBC Radio’s Information Morning host Steve Sutherland that the course was co-developed by elders, knowledge holders and practitioners of netukulimk.”The course is guided by the principle of etuaptmumk — two-eyed seeing — while also honouring the core values of netukulimk — relationships, respect, responsibility and reciprocity,” he said.Etuaptmumk, a philosophy developed by Elder Albert D. Marshall Sr. from Eskasoni First Nation, promotes the integration of Western and Indigenous knowledge systems and using both systems to understand the world around you.UINR also produced six videos highlighting Mi’kmaw teachings, both to support the course and to serve as a resource for the broader community.Topics in the videos include Mi’kmaw conservation principles, a salmon honouring ceremony, species at risk work, sweetgrass harvesting, a community feast, and Indigenous protected and conserved areas.Francis said the videos from UINR are essential tools for both teachers and students, enhancing their understanding of the Mi’kmaw knowledge and themes embedded in the course.Eskasoni Chief Leroy Denny said Netukulimk 12 will be a great opportunity for youth interested in the sciences to learn using Indigenous knowledge and principles.

5 Ways To Market Your Business On Small Business Saturday

More sales. More customers. That’s what the Saturday after Thanksgiving—or Small Business Saturday (SBS)—is all about. In 2024, SBS falls on November 30th. It’s a fantastic opportunity for small business owners like you to get your cash register ringing and kickstart the upcoming holiday season.

Since its launch in 2010, SBS has generated more than $200 billion in consumer spending, including $17.9 billion in 2022 alone. Although we don’t yet have actual expenditures for 2023’s SBS or a projection for spending in 2024, we do know that retailers expect overall 2024 holiday spending to reach record heights, with each person spending an estimated $902 on holiday goodies, from gifts to food and candy to decorations and greeting cards.

That spending can be a lifeline for small businesses, but you need a solid game plan to make sure your business gets its share. Here are five ways to market your business and make this year’s Small Business Saturday your best yet.

1. Create exclusive Small Business Saturday promotions or bundlesBundled deals and special promotions can get consumers opening their wallets on Small Business … [+] Saturday.getty
You’ve probably seen it yourself—nothing gets customers excited like an exclusive deal. Limited-time offers create a sense of urgency, and bundling your products or services together can make your customers feel like they’re getting something special. Whether you’re running a brick-and-mortar shop or selling online, structure your promotions around what your customers already love to get them ready to buy.

For example, a boutique or clothing store could consider creating a “Shop Small” bundle—maybe a free scarf with every coat purchase or a discount on a curated collection. Customers love deals, and making them time-sensitive—available only on SBS—gives them that extra push to stop by or shop online.

An online subscription service provider might offer a special annual subscription with two free months for customers who sign up on SBS. A café or bakery could bundle popular items, like a coffee and pastry combo, or offer a discount on gift cards for future visits. Gift cards drive immediate sales and encourage customers to return, creating a lasting connection with your business.
The key here is to make buyers feel like the deal won’t happen again.
Ashley Smith, founder of Batana Babe, launched a “Visit Honduras from Home” campaign on SBS, bundling her 100% pure Batana Oil with traditional Honduran goods sourced directly from local artisans. “The campaign saw a significant 35% boost in sales during Small Business Saturday,” Smith says. “Customers loved the exclusive bundles because they offered something unique and meaningful—they weren’t just buying a product; they were experiencing a piece of Honduran culture.” Creating exclusive bundles that tie into your brand story gives customers a compelling reason to shop.
2. Use local hashtags and geo-targeting on social mediaUse hashtags and geotargeting to reach consumers at the right time and in the right place on Small … [+] Business Saturday.getty
Social media is where people go to find out what’s happening around them—and that’s precisely where you need to be. Whether your business is online or in-store, using local hashtags and geo-targeted ads lets you reach the customers closest to you right when they’re looking for reasons to support small businesses. The trick is to make your offers personal and timely.
Eric Koenig, founder of the eco-friendly greeting card company Twigs Paper, used a blend of geo-targeting and local hashtags to drive sales on Small Business Saturday. “We ran geo-targeted ads on Facebook and Instagram and combined them with local hashtags like #ShopSmall and #EcoFriendlyProducts,” he says. “By tapping into local interests and our brand’s focus on sustainability, we saw a 22% increase in sales.” Eric’s strategy reached local customers and an audience that cared about his brand’s values, creating an emotional connection that translated into in-store and online purchases.

This approach can be just as practical for other businesses. A home decor or furniture shop might post eye-catching images of best-selling pieces and use local hashtags like #ShopSmall or #YourTownName to attract nearby customers. Tapping into local pride creates a personal connection between your products and your community.
A restaurant or food truck could use geo-targeted ads to offer a limited-time deal for Small Business Saturday. This way, your offer will pop up when people plan what to eat. An ecommerce store can also geo-target by promoting products that highlight local artisans or region-specific items. This approach drives traffic from customers who care about supporting local businesses.

By creating content that resonates with local pride and using geo-targeting to zero in on nearby customers, you can make sure the right people see your offer at the right time.
3. Partner with other small businesses for Small Business Saturday cross-promotionsPartner with other businesses on Small Business Saturday to double, triple, or even quadruple your … [+] reach.getty
You don’t have to go it alone. Joining forces with other small businesses is one of the best ways to target new customers, expand your reach, and create a sense of community around your brand. The beauty of cross-promotions is that they benefit everyone involved—customers get a better deal, and partnering businesses get more visibility.
Take a florist and a chocolatier, for example. Flowers and chocolates are a classic gift combination. By teaming up, both businesses—and customers—can win. The florist could offer a special bouquet-and-chocolates bundle, giving customers who purchase flowers a discount on or free premium chocolates from the chocolatier. In return, the chocolatier could give their customers a voucher for a discount on flower arrangements when they purchase a box of chocolates. This pairing makes giving the perfect gift even easier. It drives business to both stores and creates a seamless shopping experience for customers looking to treat their loved ones.
Another great partnership could be between a florist and a local spa. The florist could offer a deal where customers who purchase a large bouquet receive a significant discount on spa services. The spa could give its clients a voucher for a discounted floral arrangement when they book a treatment. This partnership caters to customers looking to relax and treat themselves or loved ones who want a full pampering experience.
An online wellness brand could create a similar partnership by offering a joint promotion with a local tea company. Maybe customers who sign up for a yoga class get a discount on tea, or tea drinkers get a free month of yoga classes. Cross-promotion can be as simple as supporting another brand whose vibe matches yours.
Ross Plumer, founder of the web design company RJP Design, felt the power of cross-promotions during SBS. “We saw a 30% increase in sales from collaborating with other local businesses,” he says. “Customers loved that it wasn’t just a discount—it was a way to support multiple businesses at once. Our offers created a sense of community, which is really what Small Business Saturday is about.” Give your customers a reason to feel good about shopping with you and make that reason irresistible.
4. Host an in-store or virtual event on Small Business Saturday to build engagementConsumers crave experiences. Why not sell them one—but only on Small Business Saturday?getty
If one thing gets people off their couches and into your store (or onto your website), it’s a special event. Whether you host an in-store demo, a holiday-themed event, or a live virtual session, giving customers a reason to connect with your brand on a deeper level can turn casual shoppers into loyal customers.
For example, a bookstore could host an in-store author signing or a virtual Q&A session on SBS, offering exclusive discounts for attendees. Streaming an event online allows you to reach customers who can’t attend in person, expanding your reach.
An online fitness brand might offer a free virtual class or a workshop available only on SBS to introduce new customers to its offerings. A craft store could hold a holiday-themed workshop where customers create their own gifts or decorations, turning a shopping trip into an experience.
Events like these give customers a reason to return, whether for future purchases or simply because they enjoyed their time with you.
Dylan Cleppe, founder of the one-stop-shop digital agency OneStop Northwest, learned that the right event can boost engagement and sales on SBS. “We partnered with a local artisan for a workshop, and it led to a 30% increase in foot traffic,” he said. “People weren’t just coming to shop—they came for the experience. And once they were here, they bought more than they planned.” Whether in-store or virtual, events offer a chance to connect with your customers and create lasting relationships.
5. Use targeted email and SMS campaigns to ring in more Small Business Saturday salesCombine email and SMS marketing to lead up to and drive sales on Small Business Saturday.getty
Email and SMS campaigns are yet more secret weapons for Small Business Saturday. But instead of waiting until the day of, start building excitement early. By sending teasers and reminders in the weeks leading up to SBS, you’ll keep your business on customers’ radars and create a sense of urgency that drives them to act.
For example, a clothing store could send a teaser email two weeks before SBS, hinting at exclusive deals available only for that day. A week before, follow up with a sneak peek of your top items and encourage customers to sign up for early access. On the morning of SBS, send an SMS reminder with a limited-time promotion, such as a flash sale for the first few hours. This strategy builds excitement and puts your business top-of-mind when it matters most.
An ecommerce retailer could use the same approach, running a countdown campaign that begins two weeks out. Tease some of your best deals through email, then send SMS reminders to create urgency as SBS gets closer. The day before, send a well-timed SMS to remind customers that their deals are almost here. And on the day itself? A last-minute SMS could push them to purchase before the deals disappear.
Phil Portman, founder of Textdrip, an SMS marketing platform, doubled sales with an effective SMS campaign. “The countdowns and reminders built excitement, and by the time SBS came around, people were ready to buy,” he says. “It wasn’t just about the last-minute reminders—it was about creating that urgency early on so they couldn’t wait to act.” A strategic mix of email and SMS campaigns builds anticipation and keeps your business at the forefront of your customers’ minds.
What’s next? Get ready for Small Business Saturday success!Counting up the spoils after a successful Small Business Saturday.getty
Small Business Saturday is a unique opportunity to connect with customers and give them reasons to shop small. By creating exclusive promotions, using social media, partnering with other small businesses, hosting engaging events, and sending targeted campaigns, you can increase sales and build lasting relationships with your customers.
Start planning now. Think outside the box. Be creative! Small Business Saturday is your chance to stand out and ring in the sales, so make it count.

Vampires, satanists and mad scientists: the evolution of horror in 10 revolutionary films

How do you like your horror? Elevated arthouse or sleazy splatter? Comfortably cliched or disturbingly groundbreaking? Disgustingly gruesome or so subtle you can’t work out why you’re uneasy? Do you limit your consumption of horror films to Halloween but steer clear the rest of the year? Or are you a horror fiend who just can’t get enough of it, whatever the season?The good news is that the horror genre has been going strong for more than a century, so you’ll never run out of films to scare you. From early silents Le Manoir du diable (1896) and The Cabinet of Dr Caligari (1920) to this year’s genuinely gruesome slasher hit Terrifier 3 – which recently knocked Joker: Folie à Deux off the top of the US box office – there has never been any shortage of audiences lining up to be chilled, unsettled or downright freaked out. Just look at this year’s robust box office on Abigail, Immaculate and Longlegs, as well as artier offerings such as The Substance. The future of cinema, it seems, is horror. And not just in terms of profit, but in visual imagination, envelope-pushing and audience enjoyment.Every genre fan knows Dracula and Frankenstein, King Kong, The Exorcist, Carrie, An American Werewolf in London, The Silence of the Lambs and so on. But behind every gamechanger, there are antecedents and influences, both direct and indirect. And however beloved the canon, there are always less familiar treasures to be unearthed. So here I have traced the evolution of the horror genre in 10 films. For the most part I have avoided the big beasts and instead highlighted some less familiar, but no less significant efforts in the long history of the genre.If the most recent title in this selection is from 2001, it doesn’t mean 21st-century horror is in decline. On the contrary, the genre is thriving, with film-makers such as Jordan Peele exploring new avenues, more female directors adding their voices to the mix, and subgenres overlapping in surprising new ways. It takes time for trends to coalesce; it wasn’t until 30 years after its release that The Wicker Man (1973), and films with related themes, were given the label “folk horror”. But of one thing you can be sure: the genre is a constantly evolving beast, and horror films will continue to shock, delight and terrify us for many years to come.Monsters: Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror (1922)View image in fullscreen“And when he crossed the bridge, the phantoms came to meet him.”FW Murnau’s unofficial adaptation of Dracula provided a blueprint for the gothic monster movie. From Universal’s creature features to Hammer’s dark fairytales, the monsters were invariably foreign interlopers injecting polite society with erotic energy. Murnau’s silent expressionist masterpiece also introduced a specifically cinematic feature that has since become lore: the vampire destroyed by daylight. Werner Herzog remade it in 1979, and Robert Eggers’s new version hits cinemas at the end of 2024.Mad science: Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1931)View image in fullscreen“I’ve played with dangerous knowledge!”In Robert Louis Stevenson’s 1886 novella and its umpteen adaptations, the horror comes not from outside, but from within. From Frankenstein and The Invisible Man to Re-Animator, hubristic experiments invariably end in carnage. Fredric March won an Oscar for his bravura mad scientist performance in Rouben Mamoulian’s version, which anticipates slasher movie conventions with its first-person point-of-view camerawork, and raised the special effects bar with an extraordinary onscreen transformation, achieved with coloured filters.Satanism: The Seventh Victim (1943)View image in fullscreen“If one believes in God, one must believe in the devil.”Val Lewton, who produced a series of low-key, low-budget horror films for RKO in the 1940s, anticipated Roman Polanski’s Rosemary’s Baby by 25 years with this poetically downbeat tale of New York satanism. And it was Night of the Demon (1957), directed by Lewton alumnus Jacques Tourneur, that bridged the gap between shadowy witch cults and the unambiguous devilry that would flood cinemas with in-your-face demonic possessions and unnatural pregnancies in Rosemary’s wake.Dreams and hallucinations: Dead of Night (1945)View image in fullscreen“Everybody in this room is part of my dream.”An architect experiences extreme deja vu at a country house party where the guests tell spooky stories. Ealing Studios’ anthology takes the “it was all a dream” cliche to its logical, terrifying conclusion. The blurred line between dreams and reality has never been evoked so well as in horror films, embracing such variations as death dreams, premonitions, characters revealed as figments of the imagination, and the uncanny non-linear visions of Nicolas Roeg (Don’t Look Now) and David Lynch (Eraserhead onwards).Aliens: Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956)View image in fullscreen“Some weird alien organism, a mutation of some kind.”Horror and science fiction have always gone hand in hand. But aliens emerged as an amorphous peril in their own right in Don Siegel’s film of Jack Finney’s The Body Snatchers, which channelled cold war paranoia and McCarthyism into a nightmare where even loved ones can’t be trusted. Two successful remakes (and a botched one) followed. Meanwhile, Italian maestro Mario Bava prefigured Alien with his eerie Planet of the Vampires (1965), and Quatermass and the Pit (1967) showed us the Martians are already here – and they’re us!skip past newsletter promotionafter newsletter promotionSlashers: Peeping Tom (1960)View image in fullscreen“Imagine … someone coming towards you … who wants to kill you … regardless of the consequences.”The Spiral Staircase (1946) featured proto-slasher elements, but it wasn’t until 1960 that Peeping Tom and Psycho sowed the seeds of the modern slasher movie, in which the mortal threat arises from psychiatric disorder rather than anything supernatural. Bava, ever prescient, got in early with Blood and Black Lace (1964) and A Bay of Blood (1971), followed by Black Christmas, Halloween and Friday the 13th. A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984) reintroduced supernatural elements to the formula, while Vincent Price horror-comedies The Abominable Dr Phibes (1971) and Theatre of Blood (1973) laid the groundwork for the theme-killing of Se7en (1995) and its imitators.Sadeian cinema: Two Thousand Maniacs! (1964)View image in fullscreen“Brutal … evil … ghastly beyond belief!”Low-budget exploitation director Herschell Gordon Lewis advanced the cause of gore for gore’s sake in films such as this splatter version of Brigadoon, in which southern rednecks butcher Yankee tourists in graphic ways. Sadeian Cinema (alluding to the Marquis de Sade, who derived pleasure from the suffering of others) pushes boundaries of what is acceptable on screen, and provides young horror fans with a gruelling rite of passage. It eventually morphed into the New French Extremity genre, the Saw franchise (2004 onwards) and A Serbian Film (2010). Sadeian masterpieces, if you’re brave enough, include Tobe Hooper’s The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) and Pier Paolo Pasolini’s Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom (1975).Zombies and gore: Dawn of the Dead (1978)View image in fullscreen“They’re us, that’s all.”George A Romero’s Night of the Living Dead (1968) broke all the horror rules (entrail-eating, no comic relief, everybody dies) and had as drastic an effect on horror cinema as Easy Rider had on mainstream Hollywood, but it wasn’t until his first sequel that flesh-ripping zombies became the monster du jour. Italian film-makers such as Lucio Fulci took this template and added even more splatter, while low-budget cinema was overrun with walking cadavers of all persuasions. Shuffling or sprinting, comic or poignant, they can be metaphors for everything, from viral contagion to any depersonalised social group.Body horror: Videodrome (1983)View image in fullscreen“Long live the New Flesh!”Canadian director David Cronenberg virtually invented the body horror subgenre with his gruesome thought experiments featuring sexual parasites, armpit implants and – in this ahead-of-its-time media meltdown – James Woods as a cable TV programmer who develops a pulsating VCR slot in his stomach. With the expanding interest in piercings, tattoos, cosmetic surgery and gender fluidity, it’s not surprising Cronenberg’s successors have continued to explore physical modification themes in films such as Titane (2021). Meanwhile, Japanese director Shinya Tsukamoto pushed that modification into cyberpunk territory with Tetsuo: The Iron Man (1989).Techno horror and ghosts: Kairo, AKA Pulse (2001)View image in fullscreen“I just feel like something’s wrong.”The Blair Witch Project (1999) kickstarted the found-footage phenomenon already glimpsed in Cannibal Holocaust (1980). But it was Japanese film-makers who most fruitfully explored the horror of new technology: a cursed video in Ring (1998), mobile phones in One Missed Call (2003), and an internet of ghosts feeding off the alienation of the living in Kiyoshi Kurosawa’s unnerving masterpiece, Kairo. The new wave of horror that followed took its cue from chatrooms, hackers and the dark web. Kurosawa’s slow-burn approach, shared by Hideo Nakata (Dark Water) and Takashi Shimizu (The Grudge), also triggered a global resurgence in ghost stories, shying away from the graphic Sadeian horrors of Saw and harking back to the subtler chills of The Uninvited (1944), The Innocents (1961) and The Haunting (1963).