A Galaxy Died Just 700 Million Years After the Big Bang – And Science Can’t Explain Why

A newly discovered “dead” galaxy, found just 700 million years post-Big Bang, reveals that massive galaxies stopped forming stars much earlier than scientists thought possible, forcing a rethinking of how galaxies evolve. Credit: SciTechDaily.com
Astronomers using the James Webb Space Telescope have discovered the most distant quiescent galaxy ever seen – one that had already stopped forming stars just 700 million years after the Big Bang.
This challenges existing models of galaxy evolution, which can’t explain how such massive, “red and dead” galaxies could form so early. The galaxy, named RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7, packs over 10 billion solar masses into a space only 650 light-years across, suggesting the dense cores of today’s giant elliptical galaxies may have formed shockingly early.
How Galaxies Grow and Then Die
In the early Universe, galaxies grew by pulling in gas from the surrounding intergalactic medium and turning that gas into new stars. As a galaxy’s mass increased, it could attract gas more efficiently, fueling even faster star formation. But this growth doesn’t go on forever. Eventually, galaxies undergo a process called ‘‘quenching,’’ where they stop forming stars and effectively stop growing.
Key factors in theoretical models may need to be revisited.
Today, astronomers see that about half of the galaxies in the nearby Universe are no longer forming stars. These are known as quiescent, quenched, or “red and dead” galaxies. They appear red because they’ve run out of young, hot, blue stars, leaving behind only older, cooler, reddish stars.
Three spectra taken by the JWST/NIRSpec superimposed on an image taken by the JWST/NIRCam, two instruments on board the James Webb Space Telescope. The record galaxy is shown in the middle. It appears in red in the image and its spectrum decreases towards the left (short wavelengths). For comparison, the spectra at the top and bottom, in blue and violet, show typical star-forming galaxies at a similar time in cosmic history. Credit: NASA/CSA/ESA, A. Weibel, P. A. Oesch (University of Geneva), RUBIES team: A. de Graaff (MPIA Heidelberg), G. Brammer (Niels Bohr Institute), DAWN JWST Archive
The Mystery Behind Galaxy Quenching
Quiescent galaxies are especially common among the most massive galaxies, which often have an elliptical shape. These galaxies usually take a long time to form, first building up large stellar populations before star formation shuts down. However, what actually causes galaxies to quench remains one of the biggest open questions in astrophysics.
“Finding the first examples of massive quiescent galaxies (MQGs) in the early Universe is critical as it sheds light on their possible formation mechanisms,” says Pascal Oesch, associate professor in the Department of Astronomy at the UNIGE Facutly of Science and co-author of the paper. The hunt for such systems has thus been a major goal of astronomers for years.
Observations at Odds with Theories
With advancing technology, particularly near-infrared spectroscopy, astronomers have confirmed massive quiescent galaxies (MQGs) at increasingly earlier cosmic times. Their inferred abundance has been challenging to reconcile with theoretical models of galaxy formation, which predict that such systems should take longer to form. With the James Webb space telescope (JWST), this tension has been pushed to a redshift of 5 (1.2 billion years after the Big Bang), where several MQGs have been confirmed in recent years. The new study led by UNIGE reveals that these galaxies formed even earlier and more rapidly than previously thought.
In JWST Cycle 2, the wide-area program RUBIES (the Red Unknowns: Bright Infrared Extragalactic Survey), one of the largest European-led programs for extragalactic research using the NIRSpec instrument, has obtained spectroscopic observations of several thousand galaxies, including hundreds of newly discovered sources from early JWST imaging data.
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has revolutionized our view of the early Universe, revealing that massive galaxies had already stopped forming stars just 700 million years after the Big Bang—far earlier than predicted. Its powerful infrared capabilities allow astronomers to detect and study these unexpectedly “dead” galaxies at record-breaking distances. Credit: Northrop Grumman
The Most Distant “Dead” Galaxy Yet
Among these novel spectra, scientists identified the most distant MQG found to date, with a spectroscopic redshift of 7.29, just ~700 million years after the Big Bang. The NIRSpec/PRISM spectrum reveals a surprisingly old stellar population in such a young Universe. Detailed modeling of the spectrum and imaging data shows that the galaxy formed a stellar mass of more than 10 billion (1010) solar masses within the first 600 million years after the Big Bang, before rapidly ceasing star formation, thus confirming its quiescent nature.
“The discovery of this galaxy, named RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7, implies that massive quiescent galaxies in the first billion years of the Universe are more than 100 times more abundant than predicted by any model to date,” says Andrea Weibel, PhD student in the Department of Astronomy at the UNIGE Faculty of science and first author of the paper. This, in turn, suggests that key factors in theoretical models (e.g., the effects of stellar winds, and the strength of outflows powered by star formation and massive black holes) may need to be revisited. Galaxies died much earlier than these models can predict.
Ancient Cores of Today’s Giants
Finally, the small physical size of RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7, measured at just ~650 light-years, implies a high stellar mass density comparable to the highest central densities observed in quiescent galaxies at slightly lower redshifts (z ~2–5). These galaxies are likely to evolve into the cores of the oldest and most massive elliptical galaxies in the local Universe.
“The discovery of RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7 provides the first strong evidence that the centers of some nearby massive ellipticals may have already been in place since the first few hundred million years of the Universe,” concludes Anna de Graaff, principal investigator of the RUBIES program, postdoctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg and second author of the paper.
Reference: “RUBIES Reveals a Massive Quiescent Galaxy at z = 7.3” by Andrea Weibel, Anna de Graaff, David J. Setton, Tim B. Miller, Pascal A. Oesch, Gabriel Brammer, Claudia D. P. Lagos, Katherine E. Whitaker, Christina C. Williams, Josephine F.W. Baggen, Rachel Bezanson, Leindert A. Boogaard, Nikko J. Cleri, Jenny E. Greene, Michaela Hirschmann, Raphael E. Hviding, Adarsh Kuruvanthodi, Ivo Labbé, Joel Leja, Michael V. Maseda, Jorryt Matthee, Ian McConachie, Rohan P. Naidu, Guido Roberts-Borsani, Daniel Schaerer, Katherine A. Suess, Francesco Valentino, Pieter van Dokkum and Bingjie Wang, 1 April 2025, The Astrophysical Journal.DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/adab7a

U.S. Naval Academy removes 400 books that promote DEI from library

Lawmakers raise concerns over erasure of historical content
Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth ordered the U.S. Naval Academy to review and remove books that promote “diversity, equity, and inclusion” from its library this week.
Academy officials began an initial review to assess the library late last week and flagged approximately 900 books for further examination, the Associated Press reported.
Those books included “The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr.,” “Einstein on Race and Racism,” and a biography of Jackie Robinson, Inside Higher Ed reported.
Officials ultimately selected nearly 400 to be removed, starting the process on Monday and completing it before Hegseth’s (pictured) visit Tuesday, the AP reported. However, the academy has not released a full list of the books that were removed.
The review follows an executive order signed by President Donald Trump in January to remove all DEI policies and practices from federal agencies.
“All service academies are fully committed to executing and implementing President Trump’s Executive Orders,” Pentagon spokesman Sean Parnell said Tuesday.
“The U.S. Naval Academy is fully committed to executing and implementing all directives outlined in executive orders issued by the president and is currently reviewing the Nimitz Library collection to ensure compliance,” Navy spokesman Tim Hawkins told The New York Times.
He also said the academy’s library in Annapolis, Maryland, contains about “590,000 books, 322 databases, and more than 5,000 print journals and magazines,” The New York Times reported.
Defense Secretary Hegseth has urged the Department of Defense to eliminate DEI programs and online content. However, lawmakers have pushed back due to concern about the erasure of military heroes and historical references from websites and social media accounts, the AP reported.
“In response, the department has scrambled to restore some of those posts as their removals have come to light,” the outlet reported.
For example, on Monday, Naval Academy staff restored photos of notable female Jewish graduates from a display after they were removed during the review ahead of Hegseth’s visit.
Amid the review of DEI materials at the academy, a separate legal challenge is unfolding that targets another aspect of diversity initiatives.
A civil liberties group, Students for Fair Admissions, is currently challenging racial considerations in admissions at the Naval Academy in court, The College Fix previously reported.
SFFA is appealing a federal judge’s December ruling that upheld the U.S. Naval Academy’s use of race in admissions, arguing it serves a compelling national security interest in maintaining a diverse officer corps.
The group has also filed lawsuits against the U.S. Air Force Academy and the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, challenging similar policies.
MORE: Naval professor’s new book flags leftist ideology infiltrating military
IMAGE CREDIT AND CAPTION: Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth discusses new standards for combat; Media Magik Entertainment/Youtube

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Travellers To Benefit From Joint Airline Agreement Extension

Saturday, 5 April 2025, 2:28 pmPress Release: New Zealand Government

Hon James MeagerActing
Minister of TransportThe British Airways and Qatar
Airways joint business agreement has been extended for five
more years by the Government, Acting Transport Minister
James Meager announced today.“This continuation is
great news for both New Zealand travellers and tourists
visiting from overseas – people will continue to benefit
from more convenient flight schedules, better coordination
when booking and checking in, access to the loyalty
programmes of both airlines, and the ability to combine
different fare classes,” Mr Meager says.The
reauthorised agreement now includes Iberia Airlines and will
continue to provide connectivity and capacity between New
Zealand and the UK, and other European
destinations.Mr Meager says that additionally, the
new Civil Aviation Act, which came into force today, will
benefit other future airline cooperation agreements, with
the new law in part providing a clearer process for
authorising them.”This Government is committed to
growing and strengthening our economy, and improving our air
connections is a key part of this.“As
well as enabling easier travel for Kiwis, it allows visitors
to more easily reach New Zealand and experience what we have
to offer. This boosts our economy through our second-largest
export – tourism – and ultimately grows jobs and incomes
for local New Zealanders.“Working to
help people get where they wish or need more safely, more
quickly, and more conveniently, is a key priority for me,
and I’m pleased that these changes along with others will
help better connect us to the world.”This joint
business agreement, initially approved in May 2020, has been
authorised for a further five years until 31 May
2030.

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Cordova Science Olympiad Team Earns Gold

Valdez, Alaska — Prince William Sound College (PWSC) proudly supported the Cordova middleschool team at the recent Alaska Science Olympiad in Fairbanks, where students earned a gold medalin mariculture (agricultural sciences). The event provided these enthusiastic students with a uniqueglimpse into university life, hands-on STEM education, and the thrill of academic competition. The Cordova team…

5 die, 9 hurt as tourist van falls into a 50-meter ravine in Mt. Province

NIGHT RESCUE. Police, firemen and local rescuers work together to rescue the passengers, all of them tourists, of a van that fell from a 50-meter ravine on Friday night (April 4) in Sadanga, Mountain Province while on their way to visit tattoo-artist Whang-od in Kalinga. (PHOTO COURTESY OF SADANGA POLICE)

TUGUEGARAO CITY — Five people died and nine others were injured after a tourist van fell from a 50-meter ravine and crashed into a river in Sadanga town in Mountain Province on Friday night, April 4.
Sadanga police, in a report Saturday (April 5) said the van was transporting the tourists to Buscalan village in Tinglayan, Kalinga to see the famous tattoo artist Whang-od when the accident happened.
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It occurred in Sitio (sub-village) Ampawilen in Barangay (village) Poblacion at 10 p.m.FEATURED STORIES
Declared dead on the spot were van driver Vance Quinto Hernandez Jr., 45 and a resident of Bulacan; Gerardo Navarro, 36, from Zamboanga; Veronica Hipolito, 36, of South Cotabato; and an unidentified woman who wore a gray shirt and black leggings, police said.
Another passenger, Jay Niño Belando, died while being taken to the Bontoc General Hospital in Bontoc.

The report said the injured were also taken to the same hospital for treatment.

They were identified as Mary Joy Reyes, 45, from Manila; Archie Reyes, 25, also from Manila; Cherish Quimpan, 20, resident of Cavite; Manuel Lap, 26, of Batangas; Elvis Acupan, 25, of Ilocos Norte; Ham Sua, 23, of Tagaytay; Arlette Sarmiento, 23, of Ilocos Norte; Christine Cuidamat, 20, of Tagaytay, and Dan Dacoycoy, 24, of Ilocos Norte.
Police are still investigating the incident.

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Hilltop High School & Junior High Students Shine At Regional Science Fair

ISEF GENIUS REGIONAL … Julia Dickinson- Hilltop and Gunner McClure- Patrick Henry: ISEF finalists and Arend Schuurman- Hilltop and Gavin Sifuentes- Pettisville: ISEF student observers and Genius Olympiad finalists.

REGIONAL SCIENCE FAIR … Front row – Tina Dickinson, Carlee Schaffner, Brooklyn Kuszmaul, Julia Dickinson, Kenley Routt, Molly Dickinson. Back row – Arend Schuurman, Roarke Layman, Zia Siegel, Nayah Rodriguez, Brynn Rodriguez, Isabella Ackley.

HIGH SCHOOL AWARD WINNERS
Superiors – Isabella Ackley Brooke Moreland, Julia Dickinson Kenley Routt, Molly Dickinson Jordan Schaffner, Brooklyn Kuszmaul, Arend SchuurmanExcellents – Brock Kesler, Brynn Rodriguez
Category Placement WinnersJulia Dickinson- 1st place Engineering Materials; Jordan Schaffner- 1st place Environmental Management; Brooke Moreland- 1st place Microbiology; Isabella Ackley- 1st place Behavioral Science; Brooklyn Kuszmaul- 1st place Cell Biology; Arend Schuurman- 1st place Energy; Molly Dickinson- 2nd place Behavioral Science; Kenley Routt- 3rd place Medicine and Health

Special Award WinnersKenley Routt – Yale Science and Engineering Association Award, gift Brock Kesler – ADAMhs Board Behavioral/Medical Science 2nd place plaque; Fern Kieffer Outstanding Organization and Presentation Award, plaque’ Northwest State Community College Scholarship, $250
Molly Dickinson – ADAMhs Board Behavioral/Medical Science 1st place plaque; American Psychological Association, gift; Governor’s Award for Information Science Research, plaque
Jordan Schaffner- Favorito Environmental Science Award- 1st place, $25; Kieffer Ecological Conservation Award, plaque; OESTA Earth Science Award- fossil
Isabella Ackley – United States Air Force Outstanding Project Award, gift package; Super Judging Participant, top HS projects at fair
Brooke Moreland – Super Judging Participant, top HS projects at fair; Oberhaus 6th place super judging, trophy
Brooklyn Kuszmaul – Regeneron Biomedical Science Award, $375 and gift; Society for In Vitro Biology, gift; Super Judging Participant, top HS projects at fair; Oberhaus 5th place super judging, trophy
Arend Schuurman – Kieffer Ecological Conservation Award, plaque; NASA Earth Science Systems Award, gift; OESTA Earth Science Award- fossil; Super Judging Participant, top HS projects at fair; Oberhaus 3rd place super judging, trophy; ISEF Student Observer- selected to attend the International Science and; Engineering Fair- May 10-16 in Columbus, OH; Genius Olympiad Finalist- selected to compete in the global science competition for environmental sustainability- June 9-13 in Rochester, NY
Julia Dickinson – Kieffer Family Creativity Award, plaque; RS Short Engineering Award- 2nd place, $30; Northwest State Community College Scholarship, $250; Super Judging Participant, top HS projects at fair; Oberhaus 1st place super judging, trophy; ISEF Finalist- selected to compete at the International Science and; Engineering Fair- May 10-16 in Columbus, OH
JUNIOR HIGH AWARD WINNERS
Superior– Zia SiegelExcellents-Tina Dickinson, Roarke Layman, Nayah Rodriguez, Carlee Schaffner
Category Placement WinnersZia Siegel- 1st place Microbiology; Tina Dickinson- 2nd place Behavioral Science; Carlee Schaffner- 3rd place Behavioral Science; Nayah Rodriguez- 3rd place Chemistry; Roarke Layman- HM Energy
Special Award WinnersRoarke Layman – ADAMhs Board- Outstanding Project, 2nd place plaque
Nayah Rodriguez – Association for Women Geoscientists, gift; Fern Kieffer Outstanding Organization and Presentation, plaque
Zia Siegel – Governor’s Award for Advanced Materials, gift; Ricoh USA Sustainable Development Award, gift; Super Judging for Middle School, 1st place plaque; Thermo Fisher JIC nominee, 1st place, eligible to apply for national

What to know about Canada’s latest United States travel advisory update

The Canadian government is warning travellers about stricter protocols at the U.S. border and changes to entry requirements. 

“We have updated sections of our travel advice for the United States with information on screening at the border, carrying proof of status, and instructions on visa applications,” the government said in a post on X, formerly Twitter.

The Government of Canada reminds travellers that it cannot intervene if they do not meet U.S. entry or exit requirements. Individual border agents often have “significant discretion in making those determinations” and may “strictly enforce entry requirements.” Travellers must comply with authorities; if they are denied entry, they could be detained while awaiting deportation.

The United States travel advisory was updated on Friday, April 4, to reflect new entry and exit requirements. It comes amid a wave of detentions at the U.S. border, including travellers arriving from across the globe. 

What are some things I should expect at the Canada-U.S. border?

Travellers should expect scrutiny at ports of entry, including their electronic devices. U.S. border agents can search them and don’t need to provide a reason when requesting a password to open your device (laptop, cell phone, tablet, etc).

If travellers refuse, authorities may seize their devices. The border agent could also delay your travel or deny entry if you are not a U.S. citizen.

The government advises you to put your device in airplane mode to “ensure remote files don’t get downloaded accidentally.”

Travellers must also have all their travel information ready for authorities, including the address they will stay at in the United States. They may also be asked to show the following:

evidence of residential, employment or educational ties to Canada
proof that the trip is for a legitimate purpose and is of a reasonable length
proof of sufficient funds to cover your stay

What do some Canadians need to do before travelling to the U.S.?

The new U.S. Alien Registration Requirement also comes into effect on April 11, which affects any non-citizens planning extended stays of a month or more.

President Donald Trump issued the Protecting the American People Against Invasion executive order to the Department of Homeland Security on Jan. 20 to ensure non-citizens register with the U.S. government before entering the country. The order notes that failure to comply is “treated as a civil and criminal enforcement priority.”

The U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) requires all non-citizens 14 years of age and up to apply for registration and fingerprinting for stays over 30 days. Parents of children under 14 must also ensure the registration of youth. 

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) states on its requirements website that “Canadian visitors who entered the United States at land ports of entry and were not issued evidence of registration” are not registered. 

To register, travellers must first create a USCIS online account. USCIS provides help to do this on its How to Create a USCIS Online Account page.

Travellers applying for U.S. visas

Canadians are typically permitted to stay in the U.S. for six months visa-free, but there are some exceptions. Regardless, any visitor must declare their intended duration of stay upon entry into the United States.

In February 2025, U.S. authorities changed some of the instructions on how to fill out visa applications. If you do need a visa, follow the current instructions carefully when filling out your application.

Registration is not necessary for U.S. trips shorter than 30 days

Canadians do not need to register for trips to the U.S. under 30 days. However, they should monitor Canada’s latest travel advice for any changes. 

Global Affairs Canada advises travellers always to register trips they take online before they leave so that the Canadian government can contact them in an emergency, regardless of trip length. Additionally, registration allows the government to alert them about important changes or updates to the Travel Advice and Advisories for the country they are in.

Canadians can also follow Global Affairs Canada on X (formerly Twitter) @TravelGoC and @CanadaFP or on Facebook.

Find more information about exciting destinations in B.C. and across the globe, as well as travel deals and tips, by signing up for V.I.A.’s weekly travel newsletter The Wanderer. Since travel deals can sell out, find out the day they are posted by signing up for our daily Travel Deals newsletter.

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