Carl Sagan’s team considered sending a nude photograph of a man and a pregnant woman on the Voyager Golden Record, but after the controversy over the nude Pioneer plaque, the final record used a silhouette instead

In late 1971, after NASA approved the idea of sending a message aboard Pioneer 10, Carl Sagan was given just three weeks to prepare it. Working with astronomer Frank Drake and artist Linda Salzman Sagan, he helped create a six-by-nine-inch gold-anodized aluminum plaque that was bolted to the spacecraft’s antenna support struts. The Pioneer plaque […]

When a Soviet rover went silent on the Moon in 1971, scientists assumed it was gone for good — but nearly forty years later, the reflector strapped to its back answered a laser pulse from Earth as if no time had passed at all

On November 17, 1970, a Soviet unmanned mission called Luna 17 landed on the Sea of Rains, a vast basalt plain on the near side of the Moon. The lander deployed a remote-controlled rover called Lunokhod 1, the first robotic vehicle ever to operate on the surface of another world. The rover was, by every […]

Voyager 1’s famous Pale Blue Dot photograph was nearly never taken — Carl Sagan pushed NASA to turn the camera back toward Earth after the planetary mission was over, while engineers worried the Sun’s glare could damage the optics

On February 14, 1990, six billion kilometers from the sun, Voyager 1 swiveled around and took a photograph of Earth. In the frame, the planet appears as a speck less than a pixel wide, caught in a band of scattered sunlight. The image, which Carl Sagan later named the Pale Blue Dot, became one of […]